Blood and Lymphatic Flashcards
How long can blood be stored at 4*C
35 days
What is Plasma
the clear extra cellular fluid of blood, 90% water, proteins, and solutes
What is Hematocrit
percent of RBC’s to total blood volume (female- 37%-48%) (male- 45%-52%)
What does blood transport
hormones, wastes, O2 & CO2, heat, and nutrients
How does blood protect
Destroys microbes/cancer cells (WBCs), neutralizes toxins, has a roll in inflammation, decreases blood loss (clotting)
What role does the spleen play
stores iron, fights invading germs in the blood, filters blood
How does blood regulate
transfers water, stabilizes water balance, buffers acids and bases (stabilizes pH)
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Blood’s viscosity
4.5-5.5 times thicker than water, mainly due to RBCs
Blood’s osmolarity
280-296 m/L
Serum
found in plasma. Plasma without clotting proteins
Albumin
smallest but most abundant protein in plasma. Responsible for blood colloid osmotic pressure. Changes in albumin greatly affect BP, blood flow, and fluid balance
Globulins
used to transport hemoglobin from dead RBC’s, promotes clotting, and transport of molecules.
Fibrinogen
Becomes fibrin, which starts a blood clot
Hemopoiesis
the production of the formed elements of blood
erythropoiesis
the process of making RBCs. The body can make 2.5 million per second. The first cell in the line is the proerythroblast
normal hemoglobin levels
men- 13.5-17.5g/100mL, women- 12.0-15.5 g/100mL
Neutrophils
main bacteria killer during acute infection. Phagocytize bacteria and releases anti-microbial chemicals
Eosinophils
Phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes (marked antigens) and help destroy parasites
Basophils
release serotonin, histamine, and heparin (increases inflammatory response)
Lymphocytes
t cells destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and viral infected cells.
Monocytes
crucial in defense against viruses, associated with chronic infections.
Hemostasis steps
Coagulation; platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet plug forms
extrinsic blood clotting mechanism
the factors needed to promote clotting come from the damaged vascular cells
intrinsic blood clotting mechanism
the blood clotting factors come from the blood
What initiates the extrinsic mechanism
tissue factor (thromboplastin/ factor III), activates clotting factor X, which combines with clotting factor V to form prothrombinase (complete within seconds)
What initiates the intrinsic mechanism
damaged endothelial cells or platelets activate clotting factor XII which eventually activates clotting factor X
Clot Retraction
once the clot is formed, it starts to retract and pull the edges of the damaged vessel together
processes to prevent clotting
platelet repulsion- platelets done stick to an undamaged vessels endothelium, dilution- blood flow normally will prevent thrombin from acting on fibrinogen, anticoagulants- heparin stops clots from happening
antigens
A, b, AB, O- a combination of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. They help tell our body that this cell is us and not an antigen
antibodies
gamma globulins that are produced by the immune cells to tag antigens, proteins
agglutinogens
A and B glycolipids on the surface of RBC’s (a, b, ab, and o antigens)
agglutinins
ab’s that react to agglutinogens, found in plasma. (in anti-a and anti-b antibodies)
agglutination
a blood mismatch. An adverse reaction of donor blood to recipient blood; clumping together of RBC’s via agglutinin interactions with agglutinogens
polycythemia
excess RBCs
anemia
decrease in RBCs or HB.
sickle-cell disease
a hereditary HB defect
nutritional anemia
dietary deficiency of any of the requirements for erythropoiesis. Specifically iron- iron-deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
a deficiency of Hb synthesis. From decreased Vit. B12 ingestion or absorption
hemophilia
a sex linked recessive hereditary disease where the person is missing clotting factor VIII. Typically males get this
leukemia
a cancer of the hemopoietic tissue causing an increased number or leukocytes and leukocyte precursors
lymph
a usually clear fluid similar to blood plasma. it is the fluid that is not reabsorbed into blood at capillary beds. primarily water, ions, and plasma proteins
where are lymphatic vessels located
not in the CNS, throughout the rest of the body
lymphatic tissue/nodes
primarily reticular CT and are very helpful in cleansing lymph that is returned to the blood stream.
MALT
mucosa-associated-lymphatic-tissue. usually refers to the digestive mucosa, specifically called peyers patches, however the appendix and tonsils are included
functions of the Lymphatic and Immune system
draining excess interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids, and carrying out immune responses
lymphatic capillaries
they are larger and more permeable than blood vessels. They have a one-way valve system built into them, unlike blood capillaries
efferent lymphatic vessels
allow lymph to exit lymph nodes
afferent lymphatic vessels
channel lymph into a lymph node
neutrophils
wander CT phagocytizing bacteria
eosinophils
phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes. Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites
basophils
secrete histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes
lymphocytes
natural killer (NK) cells provide non-specific defense. They can kill our own cells that have become cancerous or virally infected
monocytes
differentiate into macrophages
signs of inflammation
swelling, redness, heat, pain
fever
creates an undesirable environment for Ag’s
antigens
any molecule that triggers an immune response, can include: molecules like venom, or plasma membranes or bacteria
t-cells
guard against pathogens even though there was no prior exposure to the pathogen. They are born in the bone marrow with the other blood cells, however they mature in the thymus
primary response (IgM)
the body has not seen a particular Ag before. The body needs time to build up a response/defense. During this building up of Ab’s to fight the Ag, is when you feel sick
secondary response (IgG)
the body has had prior exposure to the Ag and can build up a respond/defense very quickly. This happens so fast that we don’t feel sick at all.
