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A&P 1 > Blood and Lymphatic > Flashcards

Blood and Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

How long can blood be stored at 4*C

A

35 days

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2
Q

What is Plasma

A

the clear extra cellular fluid of blood, 90% water, proteins, and solutes

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3
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

percent of RBC’s to total blood volume (female- 37%-48%) (male- 45%-52%)

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4
Q

What does blood transport

A

hormones, wastes, O2 & CO2, heat, and nutrients

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5
Q

How does blood protect

A

Destroys microbes/cancer cells (WBCs), neutralizes toxins, has a roll in inflammation, decreases blood loss (clotting)

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6
Q

What role does the spleen play

A

stores iron, fights invading germs in the blood, filters blood

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7
Q

How does blood regulate

A

transfers water, stabilizes water balance, buffers acids and bases (stabilizes pH)

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8
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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9
Q

Blood’s viscosity

A

4.5-5.5 times thicker than water, mainly due to RBCs

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10
Q

Blood’s osmolarity

A

280-296 m/L

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11
Q

Serum

A

found in plasma. Plasma without clotting proteins

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12
Q

Albumin

A

smallest but most abundant protein in plasma. Responsible for blood colloid osmotic pressure. Changes in albumin greatly affect BP, blood flow, and fluid balance

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13
Q

Globulins

A

used to transport hemoglobin from dead RBC’s, promotes clotting, and transport of molecules.

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14
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Becomes fibrin, which starts a blood clot

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15
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the production of the formed elements of blood

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16
Q

erythropoiesis

A

the process of making RBCs. The body can make 2.5 million per second. The first cell in the line is the proerythroblast

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17
Q

normal hemoglobin levels

A

men- 13.5-17.5g/100mL, women- 12.0-15.5 g/100mL

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

main bacteria killer during acute infection. Phagocytize bacteria and releases anti-microbial chemicals

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19
Q

Eosinophils

A

Phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes (marked antigens) and help destroy parasites

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20
Q

Basophils

A

release serotonin, histamine, and heparin (increases inflammatory response)

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

t cells destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and viral infected cells.

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22
Q

Monocytes

A

crucial in defense against viruses, associated with chronic infections.

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23
Q

Hemostasis steps

A

Coagulation; platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet plug forms

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24
Q

extrinsic blood clotting mechanism

A

the factors needed to promote clotting come from the damaged vascular cells

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25
Q

intrinsic blood clotting mechanism

A

the blood clotting factors come from the blood

26
Q

What initiates the extrinsic mechanism

A

tissue factor (thromboplastin/ factor III), activates clotting factor X, which combines with clotting factor V to form prothrombinase (complete within seconds)

27
Q

What initiates the intrinsic mechanism

A

damaged endothelial cells or platelets activate clotting factor XII which eventually activates clotting factor X

28
Q

Clot Retraction

A

once the clot is formed, it starts to retract and pull the edges of the damaged vessel together

29
Q

processes to prevent clotting

A

platelet repulsion- platelets done stick to an undamaged vessels endothelium, dilution- blood flow normally will prevent thrombin from acting on fibrinogen, anticoagulants- heparin stops clots from happening

30
Q

antigens

A

A, b, AB, O- a combination of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. They help tell our body that this cell is us and not an antigen

31
Q

antibodies

A

gamma globulins that are produced by the immune cells to tag antigens, proteins

32
Q

agglutinogens

A

A and B glycolipids on the surface of RBC’s (a, b, ab, and o antigens)

33
Q

agglutinins

A

ab’s that react to agglutinogens, found in plasma. (in anti-a and anti-b antibodies)

34
Q

agglutination

A

a blood mismatch. An adverse reaction of donor blood to recipient blood; clumping together of RBC’s via agglutinin interactions with agglutinogens

35
Q

polycythemia

A

excess RBCs

36
Q

anemia

A

decrease in RBCs or HB.

37
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

a hereditary HB defect

38
Q

nutritional anemia

A

dietary deficiency of any of the requirements for erythropoiesis. Specifically iron- iron-deficiency anemia

39
Q

pernicious anemia

A

a deficiency of Hb synthesis. From decreased Vit. B12 ingestion or absorption

40
Q

hemophilia

A

a sex linked recessive hereditary disease where the person is missing clotting factor VIII. Typically males get this

41
Q

leukemia

A

a cancer of the hemopoietic tissue causing an increased number or leukocytes and leukocyte precursors

42
Q

lymph

A

a usually clear fluid similar to blood plasma. it is the fluid that is not reabsorbed into blood at capillary beds. primarily water, ions, and plasma proteins

43
Q

where are lymphatic vessels located

A

not in the CNS, throughout the rest of the body

44
Q

lymphatic tissue/nodes

A

primarily reticular CT and are very helpful in cleansing lymph that is returned to the blood stream.

45
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated-lymphatic-tissue. usually refers to the digestive mucosa, specifically called peyers patches, however the appendix and tonsils are included

46
Q

functions of the Lymphatic and Immune system

A

draining excess interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids, and carrying out immune responses

47
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

they are larger and more permeable than blood vessels. They have a one-way valve system built into them, unlike blood capillaries

48
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

allow lymph to exit lymph nodes

49
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

channel lymph into a lymph node

50
Q

neutrophils

A

wander CT phagocytizing bacteria

51
Q

eosinophils

A

phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes. Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites

52
Q

basophils

A

secrete histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes

53
Q

lymphocytes

A

natural killer (NK) cells provide non-specific defense. They can kill our own cells that have become cancerous or virally infected

54
Q

monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages

55
Q

signs of inflammation

A

swelling, redness, heat, pain

56
Q

fever

A

creates an undesirable environment for Ag’s

57
Q

antigens

A

any molecule that triggers an immune response, can include: molecules like venom, or plasma membranes or bacteria

58
Q

t-cells

A

guard against pathogens even though there was no prior exposure to the pathogen. They are born in the bone marrow with the other blood cells, however they mature in the thymus

59
Q

primary response (IgM)

A

the body has not seen a particular Ag before. The body needs time to build up a response/defense. During this building up of Ab’s to fight the Ag, is when you feel sick

60
Q

secondary response (IgG)

A

the body has had prior exposure to the Ag and can build up a respond/defense very quickly. This happens so fast that we don’t feel sick at all.

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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