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Anatomy 1 Semester 2 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the elements of the thoracic skeleton

A
  • Clavicle/scapula
  • Sternum
  • True ribs 1-7
  • False ribs 8-10
  • Floating ribs 11,12
  • Costal cartilages
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Diaphram
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2
Q

What 3 parts is the sternum made up of

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
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3
Q

What is the chest cavity divided into

A
  • Median partition (mediastinum)
  • Lateral pleura & lungs
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4
Q

Where does the mediastium extend to

A
  • Root of neck above
  • Diaphram below
  • Sternum anteriorly
  • Vertebral column posteriorly
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5
Q

What is the pericardium

A

A fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart (in the mediastinum) and the roots of the great vessels

Functions:
- Restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole
- Serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract

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6
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A
  • Right ‘pump; = receives deoxygenated, sends to lungs
  • Left ‘pump’ = receives oxygenated, sends to body
  • Each pump consists of an atrium and ventricle, separated by a valve
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7
Q

What is the structure of the heart

A
  • Left and right atrium
  • Left and right ventricle
  • Interventricular septum
  • Atrioventricular valves
  • Superior and inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Left and right pulmonary veins
  • Aorta
  • System of arteries and veins
  • “arteries – away” - blood away from heart, veins blood towards heart
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8
Q

What is the difference between atria and ventricles

A
  • Thin-walled atria receive blood coming into the heart, whereas the relatively
    thick-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart
  • Greater force required to pump blood through the body than to the lungs, so
    muscular wall of left ventricle is thicker than the right
  • Inter-atrial, interventricular and atrioventricular septa separate the four
    chambers of the heart
  • Internal anatomy of a chamber is critical to its function
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9
Q

What are the functions of the right atrium

A
  • Forms right border of heart
  • Receives blood through the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus
  • Coronary sinus returns blood from the walls of the heart itself
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10
Q

Describe the anatomy of the right atrium

A

Crista terminalis
- Ridge on inside between atrium and right auricle
- From SVC to IVC
- Posterior to the wall is smooth

Musculi pectinati
- Anterior to crista terminalis the walls are roughened by bundles of muscle fibres

Fossa ovale
- Marks location of embryonic foramen ovale, which allowed blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation

Right auricle
- Ear-like, conical, muscular pouch overlapping the aorta

Atrioventricular orifice
- communication with ventricle
- closed by tricuspid valve

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11
Q

What are the functions of the right ventricle

A
  • Blood entering from right atrium moves in a horizontal and anterior direction
  • Outflow tract: pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary trunk closed by pulmonary valve
    – 3 semilunar cusps
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12
Q

Describe the anatomy of the right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carnae
- Muscular, irregular structures
- A few trabeculae carnae are known as papillary muscles

Tricuspid valve
- Guards atrioventricular orifice
- 3 cusps

Chordae tendineae

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13
Q

Describe the importance of the papillary muscles in the right ventricles

A

When the ventricle contracts, papillary muscles contract, preventing the cusps from turning inside out into the atrium as intra-ventricular pressure rises

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14
Q

What are the functions of the left atrium

A
  • Forms most of base of heart
  • Blood enters X4 pulmonary veins
  • Anterior half is continuous with left auricle
    – No equivalent to the crista terminalis
  • Depression on interatrial septum is the valve of the foramen ovale
  • Blood moves into left ventricle via atrioventricular orifice
    – Guarded by the mitral valve
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15
Q

Describe the anatomy of the left ventricle

A
  • Mitral valve aka
    bicuspid valve
    – Ant/Post cusps
  • Papillary muscles
    observed as for the right
    ventricle
    – Ant/Post
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16
Q

Describe the left ventricle

A
  • Anterior to left atrium
  • Wall x3 thicker than right ventricle
  • Blood passes through AV orifice towards apex
17
Q

Describe blood flow in left ventricle

A
  • Blood flows into the aortic vestibule
  • Guarded by the aortic valve
  • Similar in structure to pulmonary valve
  • As blood recoils after ventricular
    contraction, and fills the aortic sinuses
    formed by the cusps, it is forced into coronary arteries
18
Q

Describe coronary circulation

A
  • The heart is a muscular organ, contracting around once a second
  • Needs its own source of oxygen and nutrients
  • Supplied by the coronary arteries:
  • Two: right and left
  • Arise from aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta
  • Coronary arteries and branches distributed over surface of heart
  • Variability in branches
19
Q

Describe the right coronary artery

A
  • Arises from aorta and runs forward between pulmonary trunk and right
    auricle
  • Descends almost vertically in the right
    atrioventricular groove
  • At inferior border continues posteriorly
    to anastamose with left coronary artery
  • Offers a marginal branch and a posterior interventricular branch
20
Q

Describe the left coronary artery

A
  • Usually larger than right
  • Arises from aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle
  • Then enters atrio-ventricular groove and divides into anterior inter-ventricular branch and a circumflex branch
21
Q

The coronary sinus receives which 4 major tributaries

A
  • Great, middle, small and posterior cardiac veins
  • Anterior cardiac veins are very small, draining only the anterior portion of the right ventricle
22
Q

What are the components of cardiac veins

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Left marginal vein
  • Left posterior ventricular vein
  • Coronary sinus
  • Middle cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
    (posterior)
23
Q

Describe the features of the branches of the aorta

A
  • Ascending within pericardial sac
  • Arch lies behind manubrium sterni, infront of trachea
  • Arches upwards and backwards
  • Becomes continuous with descending aorta at level of sternal angle
  • Aortic arch branches:
  • Brachiocephalic trunk (divides into right subclavian and right common carotid
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian
24
Q

What are the branches of the aortic arch

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • L common carotid
    • internal/external carotid arteries
  • L subclavian
25
Q

Describe the elements of the blood supply to the head and neck

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Subclavian
  • Common carotid
  • Internal/external carotid
  • Vertebral artery
26
Q

Describe the elements of the venous drainage of the head and neck

A
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Subclavian vein
  • Brachiocephalic vein
27
Q

Describe the elements of the upper limb arteries

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
  • Palmar arch/anastomosis
28
Q

Describe the elements of the arteries of the trunk: diaphragm

A
  • IVC
  • Oesophagus
  • Aortic hiatus
  • Coeliac trunk
29
Q

Describe the elements of the vessels of the trunk

A
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Coeliac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Renal
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Common iliac
  • External/internal iliac
  • IVC
30
Q

Describe the femoral triangle (vessels of the lower limb)

A
  • Femoral triangle: a wedge-shaped
    depression formed by muscles in the
    upper thigh at the junction between the
    anterior abdominal wall and the lower
    limb
  • The femoral nerve, artery, and vein and lymphatics pass between the abdomen and lower limb under the inguinal ligament (lower border of the oblique abdominal muscles) and in the femoral triangle

There are:
Femoral arteries
Femoral nerves
Femoral veins

31
Q

What makes up the femoral artery

A
  • Profunda femoris/Deep femoral (largest branch)
  • Popliteal artery (travels across the popliteal fossa, and finally bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial)
32
Q

What is the popliteal fossa

A
  • The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped depression located posterior to the knee joint
  • Important nerves and vessels pass from the thigh to the leg by traversing through this fossa
  • These include the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve, the popliteal vessels and short saphenous vein
  • Several muscles of the thigh and leg form the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
  • They include the semimembranosus,
    semitendinosus, biceps femoris,
    gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles
33
Q

What are the arteries of the leg

A
  • Popliteal
  • Posterior tibial
  • Anterior tibial
  • Dorsalis pedis
34
Q

What are the two groups of veins of the leg

A

The veins of the lower limb can be divided into two groups – deep and
superficial:

  • Deep veins are located underneath the deep fascia of the lower limb, accompanying the major arteries
  • Superficial veins are found in the subcutaneous tissue. They eventually
    drain into the deep veins
35
Q

Describe superficial veins

A
  • The superficial veins of the lower limb run in the subcutaneous tissue
  • There are two major superficial veins – the great saphenous vein, and the small
    saphenous vein
  • The Great Saphenous Vein - ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing anterior to the ankle, and posteriorly at the knee
  • The Small Saphenous Vein - moves up the posterior side of the leg, and empties into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

Anatomy 1 Semester 2 (3 decks)

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