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L2 Anatomy & Physiology > the cardiorespiratory system > Flashcards

the cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs and muscles responsible for breathing

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2
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

functions of respiratory

A

to supply sufficient oxygen to meet the tissue demands of the body
to eliminate waste products (C02) from cellular environment

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4
Q

structure of the lungs

A

left lung has 2 lobes, right has 3 - heart is on the left
each lung surrounded by a pleural membrane that is filled with pleural fluid - provides space needed for expansion + regulates pressure
lungs are only direct contact between blood and external environment
saturated with mass of air sacs and blood vessels

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5
Q

functions of the lungs

A

provide continuous flow of oxygen into the bodily tissues
disruption to this process will not only hinder exercise performance but may also result in severe tissue damage - and even death

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6
Q

passage of air order

A 
Pharynx 
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
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7
Q

atmospheric air

A

the air that surrounds the body and is used during breathing/respiration

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8
Q

gases and percentages inhaled

A

oxygen = 21%
carbon dioxide = 0.04%
nitrogen = 78%

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9
Q

gases and percentages exhaled

A

oxygen = 16%
carbon dioxide = 4%
nitrogen = 78%

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10
Q

spirometry test

A

measures the volume of air moving out of the respiratory tract under different conditions (e.g rest, exercise)

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11
Q

asthma

A

caused by sensitive airways becoming inflamed when exposed to triggers

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12
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - umbrella term used to describe a number of irreversible lung diseases

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13
Q

Tidal Volume

A

describes the volume of air moved into or out of lungs with each breath - inspired and expired usually the same

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14
Q

Residual Volume

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs following maximum expiration

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15
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of expired gases following a maximum inspiration. VC is made up of tidal volume and forced inspired and expired volumes

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16
Q

total lung capacity

A

the maximum volume of air within the lungs

measured by adding the residual volume to the vital capacity

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17
Q

Valsalva manoeuvre

A

respiratory technique that involves the closing of the narrowest part of the trachea following a maximum inhalation in order to increase intrathoracic pressure

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18
Q

risks of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A

increased intrathoracic and abdominal pressure - reduces return of blood to the heart
dizziness and loss of consciousness
blood clots can detach causing wounds to reopen
prolonged Valsalva when the glottis reopens, an overshoot in blood pressure occurs placing additional and unnecessary strain on the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transports blood to almost all of the body’s tissues
transports nutrients and gases
removal of waste products and gases
thermoregulation
also other physiological functions specific to structures within this system (e.g. heart)

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20
Q

structure of the cardiovascular

A

1) pulmonary circulation - the transportation of blood between the heart and lungs ~ pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein
2) systemic circulation - the transportation of blood between the tissues of the body and the heart (aorta - bodily tissue - vena cava)

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21
Q

Function of the heart

A

pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues and to the lungs

pump oxygenated blood to the body’s tissue to be used as an energy source

22
Q

passage of blood through heart

A

1) deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via inferior and superior vena cava.
passes through one way valve and into right ventricle
then ejected towards lungs through pulmonary artery
in lungs blood deposits its c02 which is then exhaled and collects more oxygen making the blood oxygenated
2) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via pulmonary vein into left ventricle. then ejected into the aorta
branching off the aorta are the coronary arteries which feed heart’s cardiac tissues to supply with oxygen

23
Q

cardiac cycle

A

refers to complete heartbeat and the pathway taken by the blood as a consequence

1) systole = the beating/pumping phase of heartbeat
2) diastole = the relaxing/filling phase of the heartbeat

24
Q

coronary circulation

A

the body’s blood and nutrient supply passes through heart but none is actually absorbed by heart’s muscle tissue.
the heart instead receives its nutrients and removes waste products from coronary circulation system

25
Q

high blood pressure

A

makes it difficult for the heart to empty its blood into already full aorta

26
Q

low blood pressure

A

more challenging to move blood through arteries, veins and capillaries
dizziness and fainting are common because of reduced oxygen to your brain

27
Q

measuring blood pressure

A

measured using a sphygmomanometer - millimetres of mercury
1) systolic - this is the first and largest number and represents the pressure within the arteries as the heart contracts
2) diastolic - the pressure in the arteries during relaxation period between heart beats
normal blood pressures = 120/80

28
Q

hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure - resting = greater than 140/90 mmHg
strongly associated with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease

29
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure = below 90/60mmHg

30
Q

hypertension risk factors

A

modifiable and non-modifiable

31
Q

modifiable risk factors (hypertension)

A 
excess salt intake
high intake fatty/processed foods
being overweight/obese
excess alcohol consumption
too little activity
high levels mental stress/mental illness
smoking 
high cholesterol
32
Q

non-modifiable risks of high blood pressure

A 
age
race/ethnicity
genes
gender
kidney disease
33
Q

complications of hypertension

A 
heart attack
renal failure
blood vessel damage
neurological 
retinopathy 
headache
34
Q

maximum heart rate

A

can estimate individuals maximum heart rate with the formula:
220 - age = MHR
recommended 55-90% of MHR to induce positive cardiovascular benefits

35
Q

%MHR and training zone

A 
50-60% fat burning zone
60-70% moderate aerobic zone 
70-80% aerobic zone 
80-90% peak performance zone
90-100% maximum zone
36
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac outptut

37
Q

V02 max

A

measure of the efficiency of cardiovascular system. represents the maximum volume of oxygen that the cardiorespiratory system can take in, deliver and be used.
often described as one’s ‘maximum oxygen uptake’ or ‘maximum oxygen consumption’
can be measured in litres per minute or millimetres per minute for every kg of body weight

38
Q

blood vessels and blood

A

blood vessels adapt to increased levels of activity via the following 2 mechanisms:
1) dilation = during increased levels of activity, body’s tissues demand more oxygen and nutrients that are carried in the blood
increases in heart rate and blood pressure causes vessel walls to stretch
2) constriction = occurs simultaneously to dilation but in arteries that deliver blood to non-working areas.
brain signals smooth muscle within the vessel to contract which narrows the vessel and reduces the volume of blood that can pass through

39
Q

Arteries

A

largest of three blood vessels
contain thick muscular and elastic walls that allow them to cope with blood under high pressure
carry oxygenated blood with exception of pulmonary artery
arteries always carry blood away from heart
largest artery is aorta
the further away the arteries are from the heart, the smaller they are

40
Q

arterioles

A

smaller and narrower branches of the arteries and reduce speed at which blood enters the tissue area.
become progressively smaller before forming a capillary at the site where the oxygen exchange takes place

41
Q

veins

A

second largest of blood vessel family
transport deoxygenated blood with exception of pulmonary vein
veins carry blood towards the heart
largest veins are inferior and superior vena cava
smaller branches of veins are called ‘venules’ - responsible for removal of waste (C02) from capillary
contain specialised valves that prevent back flow of blood

42
Q

capillaries

A

narrowest and thinnest blood vessels and saturate every living tissue
where all gaseous exchanges take place - as only on cell thick
regular and effective cardiovascular exercise promotes growth and development of the capillary network
also means the cardiovascular system will be able to deposit more oxygen and remove more waste = capillarisation

43
Q

artery disease

A

also = PAD (peripheral artery disease) and PVD (peripheral vascular disease)
form of cardiovascular disease
occurs when fatty deposits/’atheromas’ form in the blood - the build up restricts blood flow = ‘atherosclerosis’

44
Q

risks of atherosclerosis

A 
smoking
diabetes (type 1 and 2)
high blood pressure
high cholesterol 
age
gender (men at greater risk)
45
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

similar to atherosclerosis but artery becomes thicker, harder and denser = loses ability to stretch

46
Q

Blood amount in body

A

9-11 pints of blood in body

47
Q

Blood composition

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS - primarily fight infection
PLASMA - makes up approx 55% of blood volume - contains salts (electrolytes), hormones and fats
PLATELETS - disc shaped structures about 20% the size of red blood cells - produced in bone marrow and essential clotting agents that stem bleeding
HAEMOGLOBIN - proteins carried by red blood cells to transport oxygen - each one can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
RED BLOOD CELLS - produce in bone marrow - primarily responsible for the transportation of oxygen and the removal of C02

48
Q

cardiorespiratory response to exercise

A 
increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
increased stroke volume
increased cardiac output
dilation of arteries
increase tidal volume
increased body temperature
49
Q

cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise

A

a reduced resting heart rate
reduced resting blood pressure
cardiac hypertrophy, particularly on the left side of the heart
increased stroke volume
increased breathing efficiency
capillarisation around the alveoli and in the active muscles
increased size and number of alveoli
increased blood plasma volume
increased concentration of haemoglobin
reduced cholesterol levels
increased strength of respiratory muscles

50
Q

common forms of heart disease

A 
high blood pressure
high cholesterol 
hardening of the arteries 
narrowing of the arteries
congestive heart failure
angina
stroke
51
Q

primary risk factors of heart disease

A 
hereditary factors
gender
age
high blood pressure
smoking
52
Q

secondary risk factors of heart disease

A 
physical inactivity 
obesity and overweight 
diabetes
stress
alcohol

L2 Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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