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L2 Anatomy & Physiology > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A

forms central part of skeletal system
made from vertebrae, ribs, sternum and skull/cranium
serves to protect vital organs

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2
Q

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON

A

MOVEMENT ~ muscular system interacts via joints to produce movement ~ musculo-skeletal system
PROTECTION
SHAPE
STORAGE ~ storage of minerals esp calcium and phosphorus. calcium used for healthy bones and teeth and many energy releasing reactions. Phosphorus plays role in this too, as well as forming part of the membrane of every cell in the body.
PRODUCTION ~ produces blood cells - red blood cells for transportation of oxygen and white blood cells for immune system

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3
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A

formed of the peripheral bones of the pelvis, scapulae, arms and legs
serves to generate and control movement across joints using its bones as levers

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4
Q

ECTOMORPH BODY TYPE/SOMATOTYPE

A

narrower shoulders and hips
tall and slender
low levels of body fat and muscle mass
suited to endurance based activities
long bony levers mean disadvantaged in heavy resistance activities
long distance runners will have dominant ectomorph physique

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5
Q

MESOMORPH BODY TYPE/SOMATOTYPE

A

wide shoulders and narrow hips = V shape appearance
high lean muscle mass, low body fat
suited to power activities and strength based training

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6
Q

ENDOMORPH BODY TYPE/SOMATOTYPE

A

wide hips and narrow shoulders = pear shaped
high body fat ~ not suited to high level competitive sport or exercise
should not be a deterrent however
proceed with caution and take it easy in early stages

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7
Q

OSSFICIATION

A

process of bone growth and development from infant to adult.
at birth ~ infant bone composed mostly of cartilage
during development ~ calcium is added to junction between epiphysis and diaphysis = ‘epiphysial growth plate’
adulthood ~ growth plate disappears = epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

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8
Q

REGULATION OF OSSIFICATION BY TWO CELLS

A

OSTEOBLASTS ~ largely responsible for bone formation and deposit calcium into bone = denser and stronger
OSTEOCLASTS ~ remove calcium for metabolic purposes = reduce bone density

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9
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast = bones lose density and become more prone to fractures
regular program of weight bearing exercise and healthy diet increases activity of osteoblasts so it is greater than that of osteoclasts
exercise has ‘ameliorating’ and positive effect on osteoporosis
swimming is not weight bearing so has little impact but might be only suitable exercise for those suffering with advanced osteoporosis

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10
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS RISK FACTORS

A

INACTIVITY ~ /lack of weight bearing exercise
physically disabled people at risk when unable to load areas of their skeleton
DIET ~ inadequate calcium and phosphorus consumption restricts bone growth and maintenance (99% of body’s calcium stores is in skeleton)
AGE ~ risk increases with age
esp post menopausal females as oestrogen helps maintain bone density
PREGNANCY ~ results in hormone changes which increases risk

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11
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

the degeneration of the articular cartilage that lines the inside of a joint
normally occurs due to wear and tear = cartilage becomes thinner and rougher = painful joint movement
to compensate for loss of bone and cartilage, the body forms new bone mass (osteophytes) on ends of bone
this new mass changes structure of synovial joint = deformity and pain

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12
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS RISK FACTORS

A 
AGE
GENDER
OVERWEIGHT/OBESE
SMOKING
REPETITIVE ACTIONS
FAMILY HISTORY
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13
Q

LONG BONES

A

act as levers
generally found where large range of movement is required
recognised by distinct diaphysis (shaft) and prominent epiphysis (end)
egs = humerus and femur

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14
Q

SHORT BONES

A

precise and fine movement
less strength than long bones
egs = carpals and tarsals

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15
Q

FLAT BONES

A

attachment sites for skeletal muscles
protectors of vital organs
egs = cranium, pelvis, scapula and ribs

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16
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

located in spine and face
protect vital organs (viscera) and support surrounding structures
irregular structure of facial bones = unique facial features

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17
Q

SESAMOID BONES

A

resemble shape of sesame seeds
embedded within a tendon
egs = patella, first metacarpal, first metatarsal

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18
Q

DIAPHYSIS (STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE)

A

also referred to as shaft
strongest part of the bone
made from dense ‘compact bone’ that is covered with hard fibrous outer layer

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19
Q

EPIPHYSIS (STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE)

A

end of the bone
mostly made of spongey, cancellous bone - makes it lighter but also weaker and prone to fractures
between the epiphysis and diaphysis is a growth plate where calcium is deposited to form new bone - early adulthood plate fuses

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20
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

refers to hard outer protective casing of the bone
provides attachment sites for the muscles
largely composed of dense, compact bone - much greater tensile strength

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21
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

A

smooth and glossy tissue that furnishes ends of bones for smooth movement
also soaks up synovial fluid which assists shock absorption - as it makes texture more flexible and spongy

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22
Q

MEDULLARY CAVITY

A

central component of bone
contains yellow bone marrow
towards epiphysis internal structure changes to become more spongy or ‘cancellous’. where red bone marrow is located.

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23
Q

FUSED, FIBROUS OR IMMOVEABLE JOINTS

A

do not permit movement
articulating bones are fused together by fibrous ligaments
used to protect vital areas of the body
egs = fusion of flat bones in skull and irregular bones of sacrum and coccyx

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24
Q

SLIGHTLY MOVABLE OR CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

A

found at joints between sternum and ribs, between each vertebra of the spine (except sacrum and coccyx), and between the left and right side of pelvis
only permits small ranges of movement
dissipates stress and absorbs shock

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25
Q

FREELY MOVABLE OR SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A

most common type of joint
permits movement of limbs
6 types - each has unique bone structure that permits or restricts specific types of movement
HINGE, BALL AND SOCKET, PIVOT, GLIDING, CONDYLOID, SADDLE
similarities and differences between all
all have same key characteristics

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26
Q

HINGE (SYNOVIAL JOINT)

A

egs = knee and elbow, joint between phalanges (inter-phalangeal joint) of fingers and between toes
JOINT MOVEMENT = flexion and extension

27
Q

PIVOT (SYNOVIAL JOINT)

A

two articulating bones that move around each other in a rotary manner.
egs = between the radius and ulna (radioulna)
between the cervical spine and the cranium (alanto-axial point)
JOINT MOVEMENT = rotation

28
Q

BALL AND SOCKET (SYNOVIAL JOINT)

A

head or ball of one bone meets with cavity or socket of another
egs = shoulders, hip joints
permits more movement than any other synovial joints
JOINT MOVEMENTS = flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction and horizontal flexion and extension

29
Q

GLIDING (SYNOVIAL JOINT)

A

almost flat articulating surfaces of a joint glide over each other in opposite directions
JOINT MOVEMENTS = flexion, extension, elevation and depression

30
Q

CONDYLOID (SYNOVIAL JOINT

A

modified and shallower form of ball and socket joint - ball of the projecting bone is more oval shaped
egs = wrists and feet (between carpals and tarsals)
JOINT MOVEMENTS = flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and rotation

31
Q

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A 
LIGAMENTS 
TENDONS
JOINT CAPSULE
 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
SYNOVIAL FLUID
32
Q

LIGAMENTS

A

connects two articulating bones of joint together and prevents unwanted movement
can adapt to overload placed on them - makes it thicker, stronger and better performing
made from dense inelastic regular collagen fibres = high tensile strength = high stability
but when damaged they are slow to heal ~ because of limited blood supply

33
Q

JOINT CAPSULE

A

made from a dense, elastic, irregular collagen tissue (connective tissue)
provides space between the two articulating bones
in some cases provides joint with additional stability

34
Q

TENDONS

A

located at ends of the muscle and attach the muscle on one side of a joint to a bone on the other side
main role to produce movement but also assist the ligament in the role of stabilising the joint
made of large volumes of thick, inelastic regular collagen tissue

35
Q

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

A

lines inside of joint capsule
production of synovial fluid
when bones of joint move they produce heat and friction on membrane which simulates it to produce more synovial fluid
synovial membrane and joint capsule are often referred to as the same structure

36
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUID

A

thick and sticky
acts as the lubricant of the joint
contains several vital nutrients that help nourish the cartilage and surrounding structures

37
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein tissue with incredibly high tensile (stretching) strength

38
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMENT

A

the terminology to describe movement of joints cannot be used to explain how a muscle functions.
eg = the bicep muscle cannot flex, extend, abduct or adduct but it can contract (shorten) which in-turn flexes the elbow

39
Q

FLEXION/EXTENSION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

Flexion describes reduction of joint’s angle
sometimes incorrectly referred to as bending
extension describes increase of joint’s angle
both
flexion and extension may also occur in a horizontal plane and therefore described as ‘horizontal extension’ and ‘horizontal flexion’
undesirable movement = hyperextension ~ joint extended beyond its normal range of movement

40
Q

LATERAL FLEXION/EXTENSION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

Flexion may also be performed at side of body and generally occurs from spine; defined as ‘lateral flexion’
lateral extension doesn’t truly exist because lateral flexion on one side will automatically result in lateral extension of the opposing side.

41
Q

ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A 
abduction = any movement away from midline of body 
adduction = movement towards midline of body
42
Q

CIRCUMDUCTION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

similar to rotation - but greater range of movement
creates a circular movement where end of limb produces larger movement than base/joint.
eg = circling arms or legs

43
Q

ELEVATION/DEPRESSION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

elevation = vertical movement where joint is moved upwards
depression = reverse of elevation. created with movement in downwards direction
shoulder shrug = elevation
lowering = depression

44
Q

ROTATION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

circular movement around a fixed point
one bone in joint will remain fixed and stable whilst other bone will manoeuvre around it
egs = head left to right, palms up and down

45
Q

PLANTAR FLEXION/DORSI FLEXION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

exclusively at the ankle
toes are pointed down = plantar flexion
toes pulled back towards tibia = dorsi flexion

46
Q

PRONATION AND SUPINATION (CLASSIFCATION OF MOVEMENT)

A

pronation = palms face down
supination = palms face up
action of supination and pronation occurs from joints in the forearm, one just below elbow and one just above the wrist

47
Q

THE SPINAL REGIONS (HEAD TO BUM)

A 
Cervical spine (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic spine (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar (5 vertebrae) 
Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
48
Q

CERVICAL SPINE

A

the vertebrae are the smallest in vertebrae column
anterior curvature
greatest mobility in spinal column

49
Q

THORACIC SPINE

A

vertebrae expand entire upper back and curve towards rear.
a rib is attached to each vertebra
the lower two ribs (eleventh and twelfth) provide protection to rear and do not span the entire circumference of the thorax = referred to as floating ribs

50
Q

LUMBAR SPINE

A

form an anterior curve
largest vertebrae, smallest range of movement
all bending and twisting will put strain on this region

51
Q

SACRUM

A

vertebrae fused together to form triangular plate of bone

provides attachment for several muscles and assists in shock absorption

52
Q

COCCYX

A

vertebrae fused together to form single piece of bone

53
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

A

located between adjacent vertebrae
made mostly from cartilage and have liquid nucleus
primary function is to provide stiffness and stability by maintaining tension in spinal ligaments
also absorb shock
when excessively loaded the discs become dehydrated and spinal column loses height - spinal nerves are often compressed = pain and loss of fiction

54
Q

Good posture

A

a state of muscular and skeletal balance which protects the supporting structures of the body using muscles efficiently. it affords effective and safe movement, creating optimum conditions for the function of bodily organs and systems

55
Q

Static posture

A

the ability to maintain an optimal bodily alignment whilst in a single stationary position
if someone is unable to adopt an optimal static posture it is unlikely they will be able to maintain an optimal position during movement

56
Q

Dynamic posture

A

differs from static because movement is present
not possible to describe one optimal dynamic posture because depends on combination of individual client factors and specificity of the activity/movement

57
Q

posture commonly affected by

A 
poor standing, sitting or walking incorrectly
poor nutrition 
inactivity ~ muscle wasting 
illness/disease (arthritis)
clothing (high heels)
poorly designed furniture
fatigue
repetitive actions
self esteem/physical wellbeing
58
Q

Exercise and posture

A

any exercise performed poorly can have a negative effect on posture, similarly performed well can improve posture
greatest exercises = resistance training, flexibility/stretching, core stability
control is important when exercising to improve posture. performing exercises slowly with attention to joints and limbs is more likely to improve postural health

59
Q

risks of poor posture

A 
headaches
lower back pain 
neck pain
impaired breathing 
arthritis/spondylosis
impaired balance
reduced circulation
altered organ function 
muscle imbalances
loss of muscle strength
60
Q

herniated disc/slipped disc

A

repeated bending and twisting activities involving spine place stress on intervertebral discs and weakens their fibrous outer wall - likelihood of nuclear fluid leaking at irritating surrounding nerves

61
Q

Neutral spine

A

optimal spinal position
ensures all four spinal curves are maintained
from this position even pressure is placed across intervertebral discs which reduces likelihood of strain

62
Q

adopting neutral spine

A

start in upright position, chest lifted and stomach slightly drawn in, hips feet distance apart, knees slightly bent, hips under shoulders
neutral spine in the middle of range from tilting pelvis anteriorly and posteriorly

63
Q

3 Common Postural Disorders

A

KYPHOSIS ~ rounding of upper back and shoulders - exaggerated and excessive curvature of thoracic vertebrae
genetic factors or abnormal growth/maturation of spine
milder cases = poor postural awareness, sustained seat postures and overuse of the abdominal, pectoral and deltoid muscles
LORDOSIS ~ excessive and exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae
associated with poor postural awareness, prolonged seated postures, tight hip flexors, weak abs and hamstrings, pregnancy, overweight
SCOLIOSIS ~ excessive rotational and lateral curvature of spine
commonly affects thoracic region but can also affect cervical and lumbar regions
genetic factors or abnormal maturation of spine
mild forms = result of lifestyle ~ but less common
normally requires medical treatment and cannot usually be corrected from exercise alone

L2 Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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