The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems Flashcards
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.
Expiration
The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.
Inspiration
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.
Valsalva maneuver
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Diffusion
Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.
Tachypnea
Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.
Bradypnea
Shortness of breath or labored breathing.
Dyspnea
The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.
Lipolysis
A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.
Enzyme
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.
Pineal gland
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.
Pancreas
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.
Thyroid
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.
Adrenal glands
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.
Glucagon
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate. (i.e. carbs or fats)
Substrates
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
Glycogen
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.
Catecholamines
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.
Catabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
Anabolic
Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.
Calcitonin
________________________, defined as the increase in metabolic rate after ingestion of a meal
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.
Motility
The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.
Peristalsis
The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.
Ingestion
