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HHP- Cardiovascular Physiology > The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Define venous return

A

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Passes through the atrioventricular valves under its own pressure

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2
Q

Define isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles contract, but the pressure is to yet enough to open the semilunar valves therefore ventricular volume remains constant

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3
Q

Define ventricular ejection

A

Exit of the blood from the heart

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4
Q

Define isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricles relax, but pressure is too much to allow the atrioventricular valves to open but not enough to keep the semi lunar valves open. So all the valves are shut and ventricular volume doesn’t change

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5
Q

Define ventricular filling

A

Blood enters the ventricles for the atria

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6
Q

What is aortic pressure

A

A blood pressure measurement

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7
Q

Why is there a decline in aortic pressure?

A

As the blood is leaving the aorta

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8
Q

When is aortic pressure at its lowest point?

A

When the aortic valves close in diastole

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9
Q

When does aortic pressure increase?

A

when the aortic valves open during systole

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10
Q

When is aortic pressure at its maximum? During diastole or systole?

A

Systole

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11
Q

What causes the formation of the diacritic notch?

A

It is caused by the shutting of the aortic valve

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12
Q

What is the average aortic pressure = to?

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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13
Q

What is usually the value of the diastolic pressure?

A

80mmHg

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14
Q

What is usually the value of the systolic pressure?

A

120mmHg

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15
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure (PP)?

A

Systolic pressure-Diastolic pressure
SP-DP= PP
E.g. 120-80=40mmHg

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16
Q

What does a high pulse pressure indicate

A

Can indicate hardening of arteries (Reduced elasticity)

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17
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Diastolic pressure + (Pulse pressure/3)
DP+(PP/3)= MAP
E.g. 80+(40/3)=93.3

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18
Q

Why is mean arterial pressure NOT an average of the diastolic and systolic pressure?

A

Because aortic pressure in a cardiac cycle is closer to the diastolic for more time than the systolic values

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19
Q

What is end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole

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20
Q

What is end systolic volume (ESV)?

A

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole

21
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
(EDV-ESV= SV)
E.g. 135-65= 70ml

22
Q

What is the ejection fraction (EF)?

A

It is the ratio of volume ejected in one beat to volume immediately prior to ejection
Volume ejected :volume before ejection

23
Q

How do you calculate the ejection fraction (EF)?

A

Stroke volume / end diastolic volume
(SV/EDV= EF)
E.g. 70/135= 0.52
Which is 52%

24
Q

What creates the first heart sound?

A

First sound occurs at the start of systole when atrioventricular valves close

25
Q

What creates the second heart sound?

A

Second heart sound occurs at the start of diastole when the semi lunar valves close

26
Q

What actually is a heart sound?

A

Turbulent rush of blood through valves as they narrow and close

27
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

It is due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries
The plaque restricts blood flow to the myocardium
It can lead to chest pain (angina pectoris) and heart attack

28
Q

Name some of the risk factors associated with coronary artery disease

A 
Genetics
Diabetes
Obesity
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Sedentary lifestyle 
Smoking
29
Q

How do doctors detect coronary artery disease?

A

Before 1999 injected patients with steptokinase to break up blood clots
Now we use primary angioplasty to detect narrowing of coronary arteries. This involves injecting a radio opaque dye into the coronary circulation and detecting narrowing areas with X-ray imaging

30
Q

State the 2 routine procedures used to treat coronary artery disease

A
  1. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

31
Q

Describe what a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty entails (PTCA)

A

A balloon catheter with an uninflected balloon is threaded into the obstructed are in the artery
The balloon is then inflated, it stretches out the arterial walls and squashes any atherosclerosis plaque
After lumen is widened, balloon is deflated and catheter is withdrawn

32
Q

What are the problems associated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)?

A

Balloon inflation induces ischaemia (Restriction of blood supply to tissues) in heart
Damage to the vessel may lead to closure of artery again in 3-6 months. To solve this problem a Stent is introduces to stop the arteries narrowing again

33
Q

What word describes the renarrowing of arteries?

A

Restenosing

34
Q

Describe what a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) entails

A

Normally the saphenous vein from the legs is used (sometimes LIMA is used)
It is routine to have between 2-4 grafts to bypass a blocked artery

35
Q

What are the problems associated with a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?

A

Involves open heart surgery
Involves stopping the heart
Grafts can restenose

36
Q

Define acyanotic

A

Blood to systemic circulation has normal levels of oxygen carried

37
Q

Deine cyanotic

A

Blood to systemic circulation has reduced level of oxygen carriage, hence darker blood colour and visible cyanosis

38
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

Allows blood to flow directly left to right

39
Q

Give an example of a septal defect?

A

Ventricular septal defect

40
Q

What causes ventricular septal defect?

A

It is caused by incomplete development of the septum. Causes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix
Occurs in 1:500 births

41
Q

Name some congenital heart diseases

A

Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetraology of fallot

42
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta
Which reduces blood flow
Results in the left ventricle to pump harder
So higher blood pressure

43
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Allows for oxygen expanse to occur in utero

44
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

When the blood vessel between the pulmonary trunk and aorta (the ductus arteriosus) remains open after birth.
This results in blood destined for the aorta flowing instead to the pulmonary trunk as it has a lower blood pressure.
This increases the trunk blood pressure and overworks the ventricles

45
Q

What is Tetralogy of fallot?

A 
It is a combination of 4 defects:
ventral septal defect
"over riding" aorta 
Stenosed pulmonary valve 
Enlarged right ventricle

Results on very little blood reaching the pulmonary circulation leading to cyanosis

46
Q

What is another name for the teratology of fallot and how common is it?

A

“Blue Baby”

Occurs in 1:2000 births

47
Q

What is an “over riding” aorta?

A

When the aorta takes output from both ventricles

48
Q

What is the plaque that causes coronary arteries disease called?

A

atherosclerotic plaque

HHP- Cardiovascular Physiology (7 decks)

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