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HHP- Cardiovascular Physiology > Cardiovascular Regulation > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What do baroreceptors detects and control?

A

Arterial pressure

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2
Q

What is the coordinating centre of the brain?

A

The medulla

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3
Q

What counteracts increased means arterial pressure?

A

Bradycardia and vasodilation

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4
Q

What increases venous return?

A

Increased blood volume
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Venoconstriction

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5
Q

What factors increase heart rate?

A

Decreasing parasympathetic impulses

Increasing sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla

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6
Q

What increases stroke volume?

A

Increasing sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla

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7
Q

What increases cardiac output?

A

Increasing stroke volume

Increasing heart rate

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8
Q

What increases blood viscosity?

A

Increasing number of red blood cells (polycythemia)

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9
Q

What increases total blood vessel length?

A

Increasing body size (obesity)

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10
Q

What increases systemic vascular resistance?

A

Increasing blood viscosity
Increasing total blood vessel length
Decreasing vessel radius (vasoconstriction)

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11
Q

What factors increase mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Increasing cardiac output

Increasing systemic vascular resistance

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12
Q

What is the primary objective of cardiovascular regulation?

A

To maintain a stable Mean arterial pressure and therefore ensure adequate blood flow to the vital organs espically the brain

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13
Q

From where are inputs sent from to cardiovascular centre?

A
  1. From higher brain centres: Cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
  2. From proprioceptors: Monitors joint movements
  3. From baroreceptors: Monitors blood pressure
  4. From chemoreceptors: Monitors blood acidity
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14
Q

Which nerve caries an impulse, from the cardiovascular system, to give a parasympathetic response? What is the response?

A

Vagus (X) nerves

Effect is decreased heart rate

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15
Q

Which nerve caries an impulse, from the cardiovascular system, to give a sympathetic response? What is the response?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves
Effect increased blood rate and contractility

Vasomotor nerves
Effect: Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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16
Q

What are the arterial baroreceptors?

A

They are sprays of non-encapsulated nerve endings in the adventitial layer of the artery walls in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch

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17
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Sensitive to stretch

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18
Q

How does an increase in arterial pressure excite the baroreceptors?

A

Increase in arterial pressure increases the DISTENDING PRESSURE on the arterial walls causing it to STRETCH which excites the baroreceptors

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19
Q

What does an electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve result in?

A

Electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve elicits a reflex hypotension and bradycardia

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20
Q

What is baroreflex?

A

Homeostatic mechanism

It uses negative feedback

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21
Q

Describe the process of negative feedback

A
  1. A decrease in blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta and carotid sinus as they stretch LESS
  2. They send less nerve impulses to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla
  3. Results in increased SYMPATHETIC
    Decreased parasympathetic
    And increased secrete of epinephrine and norepinephrine
  4. This increase heart stroke volume and heart rate to increase cardiac output
  5. Constriction of blood vessels increases systemic vascular resistance
  6. This increases blood pressure
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22
Q

What is the ‘set point’ for blood pressure?

A

95mmHg

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23
Q

What is the latency of the vagal bradycardia? And what is this latency called?

A

0.5s

This latency is called buffering

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24
Q

Where do baroreceptor afferents project?

A

They project in cranial nerves of IX and X to the cardiovascular centre

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25
Q

What happens when afferent input increases?

A

Leads to an increase in the parasympathetic and decrease in sympathetic stimulation of the heart

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26
Q

What is orthostasis?

A

Severe challenge to the cardiovascular system

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27
Q

How is the additional energy need to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion achieved?
(Hint there are 6 factors)

A
  1. Increase in dependent venous volume of about 500ml
  2. Decrease in intrathoracic blood volume of about 20%
  3. Decrease in cardiac filling pressure (This leads to a decrease in ventricular end diastolic volume)
  4. Decrease in stroke volume of 30-40%
  5. Decrease in pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure
  6. Decrease in cerebral perfusion leading to syncope (fainting)
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28
Q

What are arterial baroreceptors responsible for?

A

Responsible for the acute buffering of blood pressure

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29
Q

What is long term regulation responsible for?

A

Long-term regulation is primarily the responsibility of cardiopulmonary pressure receptors and hormonal influences
These regulate blood volume

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30
Q

What are stretch receptors of the atria and pulmonary arteries called?

A

Cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

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31
Q

What do Cardiopulmonary stretch receptors respond to?

A

They respond to much lower pressures than the arterial baroreceptors

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32
Q

What is the primary role of the Cardiopulmonary stretch receptors?

A

To regulate blood volume

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33
Q

Describe what happens when venous blood pressure decreases?

A

If venous blood pressure decreases then arterial pressure decreases
Stimulation of the cardiopulmonary stretch receptors also decreases

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34
Q

What does decreased stimulation of the cardiopulmonary stretch receptors initiate?

A
  1. A reflex of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus. ADH increases the reabsorption of fluid from the renal tubules and the production of concentrated urine
  2. A neural reflex which constricts the afferent renal arterioles. This reduces the glomerular filtration

Both these reduce fluid loss in urine thus increasing blood volume

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35
Q

What effect does ADH have in the splanchnic circulation?

A

A vasoconstrictor effect

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36
Q

What does ADH do when it has a vasoconstrictor effect?

A

It increases the total peripheral resistance

Ultimately restoring

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37
Q

Which variable is the one that is usually regulated?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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38
Q

What does denervated mean?

A

A body part of organ that is deprived of a nerve supple

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39
Q

What happens when both the arterial baroreceptors and the cardiopulmonary stretch receptors are denervated?

A

It results in an increase in mean arterial pressure

Short term instability is also observed

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40
Q

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

A

The chemical composition of arterial blood

41
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Close to the arterial baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bundle

42
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in ______, _______ and ______ concentrations in arterial blood

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
H+

43
Q

Name some conditions that stimulate chemoreceptors and what does this stimulation initiate?

A

Hypoxia (deprivation of oxygen)
Hypercapnia (Elevated levels of carbon dioxide)
Acidosis (increased acidity)

Initiates a sympathetically-mediated vasoconstriction

44
Q

How can chemoreceptors affect heart rate/

A

Chemoreceptor stimulation causes the respiratory centre to increase the rate and depth of breathing

45
Q

What does an increase in tidal volume initiate?

A

A ‘lung inflation reflex’

46
Q

What is a lung inflation reflex?

A

Consists of a marked increase in heart rate and a small vasodilation

47
Q

What is the overall effect of chemoreceptor stimulation on cardiac output and total peripheral resistance?

A

Increases both cardiac output and TPR

This in turn increases mean arterial pressure

48
Q

How is the long-term regulation of blood volume achieved?

A

Ultimately by the kidneys

The greater the renal arterial perfusion pressure, the greater the rate of glomerular filtration and urine production

49
Q

What relationship amplifies the long term regulation of blood volume?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

50
Q

Which hormones increase blood pressure?

A 
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine 
Angiotensin II 
ADH
Aldosterone
51
Q

Which hormones decrease blood pressure?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
Nitric oxide
Epinephrine

52
Q

Which hormones increase heart rate and contractility?

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

53
Q

Which hormones increase vasoconstriction?

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
ADH

54
Q

Which hormones increase vasodilation?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
Nitric oxide
Epinephrine

55
Q

Which hormones increase blood volume?

A

ADH

Aldosterone

56
Q

Which hormones decrease blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

57
Q

What does Atrial natriuretic peptide do?

A

Decrease blood volume

Decrease blood pressure

58
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A

Increase vasoconstriction
Increase blood pressure
Increase blood volume

59
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Increase blood volume

Increase blood pressure

60
Q

What does Nitric oxide do?

A

Increase vasodilation

Decrease blood pressure

61
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility
Increase blood pressure
Increase vasoconstriction

62
Q

What does Epinephrine do?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility
Increase blood pressure
Increase vasoconstriction

63
Q

What does

Angiotensin II do?

A

Increase vasoconstriction

Increase blood pressure

64
Q

What stimulates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?

A

Stimulated by a fall in blood volume or in renal blood flow

65
Q

What detects the changes that stimulates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Detected by the juxtoglomerular cells in the kidney

66
Q

What so the juxtoglomerular cells release

A

The enzyme renin

67
Q

Describe the actions that the enzyme renin trigger

A
  1. Arterial blood pressure decreases
  2. Renal blood pressure decreases
  3. More renin secreted by the Renal juxtoglomerular complex
  4. Angiotensinogen in the liver occurs
  5. Angiotensin I increases
  6. Enzyme conversion occurs in the lungs
  7. Angiotensin II increases (this causes vasoconstriction)
  8. Zona glomerulo occurs
  9. Aldosterone increases
  10. Renal tubular cells increase sodium and water retention
  11. Increase in blood volume
68
Q

What is the end result of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A
  1. The vasoconstriction mediated by angiotensin raises the total periphery resistance
  2. The increased reabsorption of Na+ from the renal tubules results in an increase in water reabsorption down the resulting osmotic gradient. This raises blood volume and cardiac output

BOTH EFFECTS COMBINES ELEVATE MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE

69
Q

What is functionally an extension of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The adrenal medulla

70
Q

What is secreted in response to the stimulation of the sympathetic preganglionic fibres?

A

Catecholamines

71
Q

What is the major effect os adrenaline on cardiac output

A

Increases cardiac output via the increase in both heart rat and stroke volume
This effect is mediated by beta adrenoceptors

72
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction via alpha adrenoceptors

This raises total peripheral resistance

73
Q

What is the overall effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Raise mean arterial pressure

74
Q

Which hormones affect mean arterial pressure?

A 
Adrenaline 
Noradrenaline 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Nitric oxide
75
Q

How does Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) affect mean arterial pressure?

A

Increase MAP

Has an effect on blood volume and increases vasoconstriction particularly ib the splanchnic (gut) circulation

76
Q

How does Atrial Natiuretic Peptide (ANP) affect mean arterial pressure?

A

Release by cells in the heart atria in response to high cardiac filling pressures
ANP REDUCES MAP by causing vasodilation and promoting Na+ excretion and water loss in the kidneys

77
Q

How does Nitric Oxide affect mean arterial pressure?

A

NO causes vasodilation

Normally has little effect in MAP

78
Q

Homeostatic mechanism of blood pressure is called what?

A

Baroreflex

79
Q

Arterial pressure is detected by which part of the brain?

A

The medulla

80
Q

Increasing blood volume does what to venous return?

A

Increases it

81
Q

Increasing parasympathetic impulses does what to heart rate?

A

Decreases it

82
Q

Decreasing sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla does what tot eh stroke volume

A

Decreasing stroke volume

83
Q

Decreasing heart rate does what to cardiac output?

A

Decreases it

84
Q

Increasing number of red blood cells increases what?

A

Blood viscosity

85
Q

Being obese increases what?

A

The length of your blood vessels

86
Q

What does Venoconstriction do to venous return?

A

Increases venous return

87
Q

Decreasing sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla does what to heart rate?

A

Decreases it

88
Q

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide , H+ concentrations in the blood are detected by?

A

Chemoreceptors

89
Q

Increasing stroke volume does what to cardiac output?

A

Increases it

90
Q

Increasing cardiac output and Increasing systemic vascular resistance are factors in creasing what?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure

91
Q

Severe challenge to the cardiovascular system is termed what?

A

Orthostasis

92
Q

Cardiopulmonary stretch receptors are what?

A

They are stretch receptors of the atria and pulmonary arteries called?

93
Q

Where does ADJ have a vasoconstrictor effect?

A

The splanchnic circulation (kidenys and gut)

94
Q

The chemical composition of arterial blood is detected by what?

A

Chemoreceptors

95
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

It’s a relationship that amplifies the long term regulation of blood flow

96
Q

The enzyme renin is secreted by…?

A

The juxtoglomerular cells

97
Q

Juxtoglomerular cells detect what?

A

Detects the changes that stimulates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

98
Q

The adrenal medulla is a function extension of what?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

99
Q

Catecholamines are secreted in response to what?

A

The stimulation of the sympathetic preganglionic fibres

HHP- Cardiovascular Physiology (7 decks)

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