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Biology Unit 3 > The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

How many stages does the cardiac cycle have?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the names of the two stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole

Diastole

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3
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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4
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

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5
Q

Where does contraction take place?

A

It occurs separately in the ventricles and the atria and is therefore described in two stages.

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6
Q

Where does relaxation take place?

A

Simultaneously in all chambers of the heart and is therefore treated as a single phase.

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7
Q

What are the two stages of contraction?

A

Atrial systole and ventricular systole.

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8
Q

Where does the blood that returns to the atria come from?

A

The pulmonary vein and vena cava.

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9
Q

What causes the atrioventricular valves to open?

A

When the pressure exceeds that in the ventricles.

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10
Q

What does the opening of the atrioventricular valves enable?

A

It allows blood to pass into the ventricles.

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11
Q

What is the passage of blood aided by?

A

Gravity

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12
Q

What does the relaxation of the ventricle walls cause?

A

It causes them to recoil.

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13
Q

What does the recoil of the ventricles walls do?

A

It reduces the pressure within the ventricles.

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14
Q

What is the pressure in the ventricles lower than in diastole?

A

It is lower than that in the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

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15
Q

When do the semi-lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery close?

A

When the pressure of the ventricles is lower than in the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

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16
Q

What force the remaining blood into the ventricles?

A

The contraction of the atrial walls and the recoil of the relaxed ventricle walls.

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17
Q

Are the ventricle walls relaxed or contracted throughout arterial systole?

A

They are relaxed.

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18
Q

What does the short delay in ventricular systole allow?

A

It allows the ventricles to fill with blood.

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19
Q

In what stage of the cardiac cycle do the ventricle walls contact simultaneously?

A

Ventricular systole.

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20
Q

What increases the blood pressure within the ventricles?

A

The simultaneous contraction of the ventricle walls.

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21
Q

What happens to the atrioventricular valves in ventricular systole?

A

They shut.

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22
Q

What prevents the back flow of blood into the atria?

A

The atrioventricular valves.

23
Q

What causes the pressure in the ventricles to rise further?

A

The closing of the atrioventricular valves.

24
Q

What forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery?

A

The pressure in the ventricles is higher than that in the pulmonary artery.

25
Q

What are the ventricle walls like?

A

They are thick.

26
Q

How does the thickness of the ventricle walls affect the force of contraction?

A

They contract forcefully.

27
Q

What does the forceful contraction cause?

A

It creates the high pressure that is necessary to pump the blood round the body.

28
Q

Why is the muscle thicker in the left ventricle?

A

It has to pump blood to all of the body.

29
Q

Why is the right ventricular wall thinner?

A

It just pumps blood to the lungs.

30
Q

Why does the blood flow in one direction?

A

This is because of the pressure created by the heart muscle.

31
Q

In which way does blood move?

A

From a region of high pressure to that of low pressure.

32
Q

When are valves used?

A

They are used when the flow of blood from a high pressure to a low pressure is undesirable.

33
Q

How are the valves in the cardiovascular system designed to be?

A

They are designed so that they open whenever the the difference in blood pressure either side of them favours the blood movement in the required direction.

34
Q

When do the cardiovascular valves close?

A

When the pressure differences are reversed (when the blood would flow in the wrong direction).

35
Q

What are the three types of cardiovascular valves?

A

Atrioventricular
Semi-lunar
Pocket

36
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle and between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

37
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves prevent?

A

The backflow of blood when the ventricles contract, as the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the atria.

38
Q

What does the closure of the atrioventricular valves ensure?

A

When the ventricles contract the blood moves into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

39
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves located?

A

In the aorta ad pulmonary artery.

40
Q

What do the semi-lunar valves prevent?

A

They prevent the movement of blood back into the ventricles when the air pressure exceeds in the vessels exceeds that in the ventricles.

41
Q

Why does the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery become greater than that in the ventricles?

A

The walls of the vessels recoil whilst the ventricle walls relax.

42
Q

Where are pocket valves located?

A

In the veins.

43
Q

What do pocket valves ensure?

A

That the blood flows back towards the heart when the veins are squeezed.

44
Q

What are the valves made of?

A

Tough, but flexible, fibrous tissue.

45
Q

What shape are the valves?

A

Cusp shaped.

46
Q

What happens to the valves when the pressure is greater on the convex side?

A

They move apart to let blood pass between the cusps.

47
Q

What happens to the blood when the pressure is on the concave side of the cusps?

A

The blood collects in the “bowls” which pushes the cusps together so that the valves close.

48
Q

What allows the pressure in the circulatory system of mammals to be maintained and regulated?

A

The closed system- blood is confined to vessels.

49
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

This is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute.

50
Q

What are the units of cardiac output?

A

dm^3min^-1

51
Q

What two factors does the cardiac output depend upon?

A

The heart rate;

Stroke volume

52
Q

What is meant by heart rate?

A

The rate at which the heart beats.

53
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

This is the volume of blood pumped out at each beat.

54
Q

How do you find the cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume

Biology Unit 3 (17 decks)

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