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Cardiovascular > The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Late diastole
Atrial systole
Isovolumic Ventricular Contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumic Ventricular relaxation

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2
Q

Explain late diastole

A

Both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

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3
Q

Explain atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles - contracts due to depolarisation

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4
Q

Explain isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

First phase of ventricular contraction which pushes AV valves closed but not enough pressure to open semilunar valves

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5
Q

What is End diastolic volume?

A

EDV - max. amount of blood in ventricles

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6
Q

Explain ventricular ejection

A

As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

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7
Q

Explain isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles falls. Blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them closed. Blood now cant get in or out of ventricles

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8
Q

What is End Systolic Volume?

A

ESV - min. blood in ventricles

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9
Q

What causes a plateau in volume during cardiac cycle?

A

Is the volume of blood when both valves are closed so entry and exit of blood cant happen
Happens during both isometric contraction phase and relaxation phase

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10
Q

Explain what the dicrotic notch it

A

Is due to the elastic properties of the aorta
Aortic valve closes and there is elastic recoil of aorta - causing blip

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11
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Usually around 40mmHg

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12
Q

What is the MAP?

A

Mean arterial pressure
1/3 of systolic and diastolic pressure
Around 90mmHg

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13
Q

Why does pressure in aorta decrease slowly?

A

Elastic walls help to maintain pressure

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14
Q

Describe atrium pressure on graph?

A

Can see a wave, c wave and v wave

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15
Q

What does the a wave represent on left atrium pressure graph?

A

Caused by atrial contraction which is a squeeze on aorta which increases pressure to squeeze last bit of blood inti ventricle

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16
Q

What does the c wave represent on left atrium pressure graph?

A

When mitral valve closes, it can bulge into left atrium and increase left atrium pressure
Pressure is released when aortic valve opens

17
Q

What does the v wave represent on left atrium pressure graph?

A

Even during diastole there is blood returning from lungs to left atrium - atrium has low pressure so when blood flows in pressure gradually increases
Blood flows atrium to ventricle so pressure decreases

18
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
Usually around 80ml but depends on size of person

19
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

What % of blood in ventricle is pumped out with each contraction
SV/EDV

20
Q

What are the different phases of volumes during cardiac cycle?

A

Isometric contraction
Rapid ejection
Slower rejection
Isometric relaxation
Rapid filling
Slower filling

21
Q

How does phonocardiogram pick up heart sounds?

A

Turbulence in blood flow

22
Q

What are additional heart sounds called?

A

Murmurs

23
Q

What is the 1st heart sound due to?

A

Closure of the AV valves

24
Q

What is the 2nd heart sound due to?

A

Closure of semilunar valves

25
Q

What is the 3rd heart sound due to?

A

Rapid passive filling phase - AV valves open, blood into ventricles

26
Q

What is the 4th heart sound due to?

A

Active filling phase - atria contract and squeeze last bit of blood

27
Q

What are the 2 things that can cause a pathological murmurs?

A

1 - Valve that should be opened is narrowed or stenosed causing turbulent blood flow
2 - Valve which should be closed is leaky and allows blood to regulate through it

28
Q

Explain a systolic murmur?

A

Hear lub shush dub
Stenosis of semilunar valves or regurgitation through AV valves

29
Q

Explain a diastolic murmur?

A

Hear lub dub shush
Stenosis of AV valves or regurgitation through semilunar valves

30
Q

What can a continuous murmur be due to?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

31
Q

What is Patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Ductus arteriosus is small vessels that join aorta to pulmonary trunk during development - meant to close after birth but if not then continuous murmur
Pressure in aorta higher than pulmonary trunk so some blood continuously flows and creates turbulent flow

Cardiovascular (33 decks)

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