The Cannabinoids; Kratom Flashcards
Plant of Marijuana
Cannabis Sativa - Linnaeus 1753
Types of compounds found in Marijuana
1.Phytocannabinoids - compounds within a structure found within the plan
2.Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - cannabis as a drug
3.Cannabidiol - a phyto that lacks intoxicating effects of THC (CBD)
Dabbing
High cannabis consumption. Extraction with butane, evaporation of solvent, and smoking the waxy residue
Percentage of THC content absorbed into the lungs
20-3o%
Duration of THC in the body (half life)
20-30 hours
Duration of THC in body after metabolized
More than 2 weeks
First piece of legislation addressing Marijuana
Marijuana tax act
location and definition of Cannabinoid receptors
In the CNS, a class of metabotropic receptors responsive to endocannabinoids and anandamide
Reverse pharmacology
Cloning of a novel receptor
types of Cannabinoid receptors
CB1 = found in presynaptic neurons, CNS the first agonist is rimonabant
CB2 = found in immune system, brain, astrocytes - plays a role in behavioural functions
Function of Cannabinoid receptors
CB1 antagonists mediate effects of THC
CB2 inhibit release of cytokines (immune cell signalling molecules)
Is Cannabidiol a Cannabinoid receptor agonist
Not a Cannabinoid receptor agonists
Endocannabinoids
Cannabinoid receptor synthesized in the body; helps regulate body functions; there’s no neuron for it
Lipid based; unlike opioids derived from arachidonic acid
Anandamide
Cannabinoid-like activity,acts as an endogenous ligand for CB1 receptors. it was oringinally found in pig brain
Endocannabinoid signalling
Retrograde signalling is the most common. Either tonic (continuous) or phasic (briefly).
Retrograde signalling
Endocannabinoid activates CB1 receptors, signals Ca2+ mediated neurotransmitter release from the terminal.
A process where a signal travels backwards from a target source it its original source
Hyperalgesia
Increased pain sensitivity
What kind/group of receptors are Cannabinoid receptors
Metabotropic - membraine protein that controls cell activity anx mediates the effects of many neurotransmitters
Father of psychopharmacology
Moreau
THC peak based on administration type
Intravenous (IV) or smoking is fastest compared to oral, although smoking takes a while after finished
Impairment; location and receptor
Hippocampus with greater CB1 receptors. Excessive glutamate release leading to NMDA receptor over activation
THC rewarding compared to other drugs
Because THC is only a partial CB1 receptor, its less rewarding than other drugs previously discussed
What is the most widely known side effect of cannabis use
Increase energy
Cannabis use disorder
Impairment/distress across several functional areas, failed attempts to decrease cannabis use. Development of tolerance, withdrawal symptoms
However its not found in the brain-stem therefore, will not cause overdose
22% of users develop this
Heritability of cannabis use disorder
50-60%
Withdrawal
Worst 1-2 weeks after, abdominal pain, tremors, sweating, fever, chills, headache, and cravings to use again
Precipitated withdrawal method
A method used to test drug dependence and withdrawal by administering an antagonist to block drug effects rapidly
Amotivational syndrome
Symptoms of cannabis use that relate to poor educational achievement and motivation
Changes in brain structure with cannabis use
Lower gray matter in orbitofrontal cortex and others. However the cerebellum has shown an increase in gray matter
Difference between phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids come from plants; endocannabinoids are synthesized within the body
CB1 receptor inhibition and activation
Inhibits ca2+ and activate k+
Dronabinol (Marinol)
Synthetic form of THC used to treat appetite and weight loss in patients with HIV/AIDS and cancer
Pharmacokinetics of cannabis
In ingestion; first pass through metabolism is great; bound to plasma proteins, plasma levels drop quickly due to metabolism
