Hallucinogens,PCP and ketamine Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics of hallucinogens; psychedelics, etc.
Some can be administered orally, smoking, injection, but some are not.
Duration ranges under an hour to over 12 hours
Absorption and distribution depends on compound and preparation
Datura stramonium
A ditch plant across Canada; one of the most poisonous flowers relative to deadly nightshade plant;
Causes amnesia for 36-48 hours; causes continuous release of acetylcholine
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
A psychedelic/hallucinogen synthesized from lysergic acid and based on alkaloids found in ergot fungus
Mescaline
Found in cactus, such as peyote. Consumed with peyote buttons (chewed raw or cooked). Or a powder. A psychedelic drug
Psilocybin
From mushrooms; 1-5g to obtain effects. Psilocybin/psilocin is a major ingredient of mushrooms.
Main people regarding psilocybin
Wesson - wrote accounts regarding experiences
Timothy Leary - founded Harvard psilocybin project
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Most often used recreationally. Smoked not eaten/drank. Lasts up to 30 minutes
Ayahuasca
Red/brown herbal tea; psychedelic effects; found in India; takes an hour to take effect, lasts for 4
LSD - origin and info
1938 by Albert Hofmann; synthetic unlike others;
Ergot and ergotism
Ergot is a fungus that infects certain grains; contains alkaloids from which LSD is derived
Ergotism: a disorder caused by ergot contaminated grains that can cause death
Types of therapy with LSD
Psycholytic: employing LSD at low doses and increasing them to recover repressed memories or increase communication
Psychedelic: Psilocybin (or others) combined with psychotherapy to increase therapeutic effects of treatment
Wilson greene
The reason behind using LSD behind incapacitating enemy soldiers without killing them
Salvinorin A
From the mint family; used for religious purposes before recreation. An ingredient in Salvia leaves which produced psychedelic, hallucination, and out of body effects
Structurally strange
Range of LSD effects
6-12 hours or longer; begin within 30-90 minutes
Neurochemical actions of psychedelic
Serotonergic system; 5-HT2a receptors is necessary for psychadelic reaction
Neural circuitry of psychedelics
Begins in prefrontal cortex, excited by 5-HT2a, AMPA, and NMDA receptors elicited by glutamate release
Vollenweider and Preller
Proposed psychedelic agents can cause increased connectivity among sensory cortical areas and other brain regions
Therapeutic applications of LSD
Was used to treat alcohol dependence
Within a therapeutic session, there’s a peak experience (desired psychedelic effect) and afterglow (desired state following peak experience) lasting days to weeks
Psychoplastogens
These drugs can cause rapid structural and functional changes in the brain have come to be called this. Increased neurite growth, spine density, and synaptogenisis
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
Severe perceptual symptoms that persist for a long period; can cause distress or impairment
What are most psychedelic drugs classified as
Indolamines or phenethylamines
PCP
Phencyclidine; ppl show no response to pain, however they are in a trance like state and had no respiratory depression effects. However some said it agitated them more, etc.
By Parke Davis. A liquid. An uncompetitive antagonist (receptor must be active before action can occur) - not non-competitive
Ketamine
Thought to be safer; used as anesthetic; less behavior issues, easier to acces; more recreational use than PCP
By Parke Davis
Pharmacology for PCP and Ketamine
PCP: powder or pill;
Ketamine: injectable liquid, or powder
