The British Army and The Peninsula Wars, 1808-1815 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the Peninsula Wars start?

A
  • 1806 Berlin Decrees and 1807 Tilsit Treaty = Napoleon launched his ‘continental system’
    –> forbade trade with Britain in an effort to cripple the British economy
  • Portugal continued to trade with Britain
    –> Napoleon ordered Junot to invade Portugal
  • early 1808, French troops went to Spain to ‘help Junot’
  • April 1808, Spanish King and his son were ‘persuaded’ to abdicate
    –> Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon’s brother) becames the King of Spain
  • June 1808, Juntas (local councils) were set up by the Spanish to organise troops, rebellion spread through Spain
  • British redirected 9,000 troops about to set sail from Cork to Venezuela to the Iberian Peninsula
    –> 12th July 1808, troops left Cork under Wellesley who sailed ahead on a fast frigate
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2
Q

What happened when the British went to the Iberian Peninsula?

A
  • 1st Aug 1808, Wellesley’s troops disembarked at Mondego Bay after Spanish refused help
  • 5,000 more troops sent from Gibraltar and 15,000 from Britain
  • Duke of York decided that such a large army should be commanded by someone more senior than Wellesley
    –> sent Sir Hew Dalrymple (overall command), Sir Harry Burred (2nd in command) and Sir John Moore
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3
Q

How did Wellesley react to senior commanders being sent to take his place at the beginning of the Peninsula wars?

A

Wanted to make an impression before the arrival of the commanders
–> 10th Aug 1808, Wellesley went to Lisbon with troops
(Junot only controlled Lisbon and its immediate environs)
- 17th Aug 1808, Battle of Rolica
–> Junot only had 15,000 troops available to fight as others had to protect Lisbon and Spanish border
= British victory

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4
Q

What happened after the Battle of Rolica?

A
  • Wellesley continued south
  • reinforced by 4,000 men at Maceira
  • 20th Aug 1808, Burred arrived but decided to sleep aboard ship
  • same night Wellesley was told that Junot was advancing with 14,000 men
  • 21st Aug 1808, Battle of Vemeiro
    –> Wellesley used reverse slope tactic
    –> French retreated by the time Burrard arrived
    –> further French attacks achieved nothing = battle over in 3 hrs
    = British win
    –> 2,000 French deaths VS 720 British deaths
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5
Q

What happened after the Battle of Vemeiro?

A
  • Burrard stopped Wellesley from pursuing the French in their retreat
  • 22nd Aug 1808, Dalrymple arrived and seconded Burrard’s decision
  • 30th Aug 1808, Convention of Cintra signed
    –> peace treaty, British agreed to transport 24,000 French troops home
    –> outraged the British public
    –> Burrard and Dalrymple never given command again
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6
Q

What was the situation like in Sept/Oct of 1808?

A
  • the French were still occupying Spain
    –> Sir John Moore ordered to cooperate with Spanish to get rid of French; he has 350,000 troops
  • Wellesley in Britain
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7
Q

Why did Moore end up ‘dillydallying’ in northern Spain?

A
  • Oct 1808, Moore left 10,000 sick and wounded soldiers in Lisbon and marched into Spain
  • Sir David Baird had landed in Corunna with 10,000 men
    –> Baird and Moore planned to meet at Salamanca
  • Nov 1808, Moore reached Salamanca BUT Napoleon had crossed into Spain with an army of 200,000 (Spanish cannot hold them back)
    –> Moore wanted to retreat to Portugal, but was pressured not to by British Ambassador in Spain
    –> while deliberating, Napoleon captured Madrid, so too late to march on it
    –> Moore decided to go to Burgos; huge gamble in the hope that Napoleon would pull back and buy the Spanish time
  • 20th Dec 1808, Baird and Moore met at Mayorga
    –> 23rd Dec 1808, forced to retreat to Corunna (Napoleon going North)
  • Napoleon left Spain; leaving Soult to pursue Moore
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8
Q

What happened once Moore and Baird’s troops retreated to Corunna?

A
  • 11th Jan 1809, Moore reached Corunna
    –> low morale and low number of general supplies, BUT presence of the 95th rifles
  • 15th Jan 1809, troop transport arrived and sick/wounded troops were evacuated
  • 16th Jan 1809, Battle of Corunna (Moore VS Soult)
    –> both sides roughly 15,000 men with 800 deaths
    –> Moore died in battle
    –> further 7,000 British men were lost in retreat
    = French win
    –> 26,000 British troops escaped and French did not yet attack Portugal
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9
Q

What was the situation in spring of 1809?

A
  • 10,000 British troops were still in Portugal
  • April 1809, Wellesley given command of British troops in the Iberian Peninsula
    –> was granted 20,000 more troops and and more Portuguese under Beresford
  • Soult had attacked Portugal from the north with 20,000 troops and captured Oporto
  • Marshall Victor threatened Portugal from the east with 40,000 men
  • April 1809, British Army lacked equipment, especially boots
  • French troops in Spain could not be reinforced due to fighting in Austria
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10
Q

How did Wellesley deal with the situation in Portugal in the spring of 1809?

A
  • dealt with north (Soult in Oporto) first
    –> left 12,000 soldiers in Lisbon and set off with 16,000 British and 2,400 Portuguese
  • 12th May 1809, 600 British troops crossed the Duoro river in wine barges = Battle of Oporto
    –> Soult was asleep, when he was told he thought they were Swiss bathers (red uniforms)
    –> Portuguese civilians helped British troops cross the river
    –> British occupied seminary building and French retreated
    = British win
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11
Q

What happened after the Battle of Oporto?

A
  • July 1809, Wellesley’s 2,000 troops crossed over into Spain, supported by 34,000 Spanish troops under Cuesta
    –> planned to take on Victor (threat from the east) at Talavera
    –> poor Spanish discipline caused delays and allowed the French to reinforce their troops
  • 27th July 1809, Battle of Talavera
    –> 2,000 Spanish soldiers fled from fear
    –> Victor tried to attack at night but was driven back by Rowland Hill/’the daddy’
    –> Victor launched offensive next day, but forced to retreat after 2 days of fighting
    = British win
    –> Wellesley lost a quarter/5,400 of his men and French lost 7,300
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12
Q

What happened after the Battle of Talavera?

A
  • Cuesta wanted to push on to Madrid but Wellesley refused
  • Aug 1809, Wellesley became Viscount Wellington
  • Nov 1809, 2 Spanish armies were crushed by the French
  • Dec 1809, British troops retreated to Portugal
    –> Beresford trained the Portuguese troops under his control to a higher standard throughout the winter
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13
Q

What was the situation in early 1810?

A
  • Jan/Feb 1810, the French captured Seville
    –> the Supreme Junta fled Cadiz
  • May 1810, French forces under Massena besieged Cuidad Rodrigo (Fortress near Portugal)
  • -> July 1810, Cuidad Rodrigo surrendered to the French
  • 28th Aug 1810, Almeida surrendered to the French
  • Wellesley prepared for a further retreat by telling Portuguese authorities to enact a scorched earth policy and use ‘Ordenanza’ (Portuguese home guard)
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14
Q

What happened in late 1810?

A
  • Sept 1810, Massena’s 65,000 men advanced towards Coimbra
  • 27th Sept 1810, Wellington took a strong position on Bucaco Ridge, blocking the main road = Battle of Bucaco
    = British victory
  • on the next day, Massena marched around Wellington’s army
    –> forced Wellington to retreat to Lisbon; Massena hoped he would then advance south and force the British to leave by sea
    –> instead he reached the lines of Torres Vedras in Oct 1810
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15
Q

What were the lines of Torres Vedras?

A

a network of defences north of Lisbon
- construction ordered by Wellesley, carried out by the Royal Engineers under Fletcher, used Portuguese labour
- 3 defensive rings of linked forts and earthworks
- used semaphore system (Navy system of flags for signalling)
- manned by 25,000 Portuguese militiamen, 11,000 Ordenanza, 8,000 Spanish troops, 2,500 British artillery men and marines
–> Wellington’s men were deployed behind the lines, ready to fight off the French

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16
Q

What happened after Massena reached the Lines of Torres Vedras?

A
  • Oct 1810, Massena knew his defences were too strong and his army was suffering from food shortages, yet his pride stopped him from retreating
  • mid Nov 1810, Massena withdrew 30 miles
    –> Wellington followed him with the upper-hand
  • Wellington made no effort to attack the enemy; he believed starvation would take effect
  • both armies stayed stationary during winter 1810-1811
  • by Feb 1811, over 500 French soldiers were dying of starvation per week
  • March 1811, Massena retreated to Spain
    –> had lost 20,000-30,000 men and large quantities of guns and equipment
17
Q

What happened after Massena retreated from Portugal?

A
  • May 1811, Massena began to advance towards Almeida with over 48,000 men
  • 3rd-5th May 1811, Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro (village in Spain, near border)
    –> British held control of the village and took Almeida (Portugal)
    –> French retreated and lacked ammunition
    = British win
18
Q

What happened after the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro?

A
  • April 1811, Beresford had layed siege on Badajoz earlier
    –> Soult set out to relieve the town
  • 16th May 1811, Battle of Albuera
    –> at first Soult outmanoeuvred Beresford, but British troops held up twice as many French
    –> Soult finally withdrew
    = British victory
    –> almost 6,000 British dead; Wellington didn’t give Beresford command again
19
Q

What happened in early 1812?

A
  • early Jan 1812, Wellington besieged Cuidad Rodrigo
    –> 19th Jan captured the town in 2hrs
    –> British rampaged; drinking, looting, raping
  • mid-March 1812, Wellington reached the fortress of Badajoz with 60,000 men
  • 6th April 1812, the walls of Badajoz were breached in 3 places and taken quickly by British
  • 8th April 1812, Wellington moved back north to stop Marmont’s attack on Cuidad Rodrigo
20
Q

When did Wellington and Marmont meet?

A
  • 22nd July 1812, Battle of Salamanca
    –>armies marched and counter-marched for weeks
    –> finally Wellington struck at French army, attack led by the cavalry
    –> French fled the field
    = British win
21
Q

What happened after the Battle of Salamanca?

A
  • Aug 1812, Wellington entered Madrid
  • Sept 1812, advanced north in hopes of reaching France
    –> failed to capture Burgos
  • Oct 1812, Wellington abandoned Burgos and began to retreat
  • Nov 1812, Wellington and Hill joined forces at Salamanca
  • Nov 1812, Wellington safely reached Almeida
22
Q

What happened in the beginning of 1813?

A
  • May 1813, Wellington advanced 300 miles through the Pyrenees in less than 30 days (commanding Spanish, British, Portuguese)
  • 21st June 1813, Battle of Vitoria
    –> Wellington attacked Joseph Bonaparte’s 66,000 man army
    –> French retreated in a panic, losing 8,000 men and abandoning 3,000 convoy wagons, guns, etc.
    = British win
  • by early July 1813, French had largely been driven back across the Pyrenees
23
Q

What happened after the Battle of Vitoria?

A
  • mid July 1813, Vera fell to the British army
  • 25th July 1813, Battle of Maya
    = British win
  • 28-30th July 1813, Battle of Sorauren
    –> 18,000 British soldiers blocked 30,000 French from relieving Pamplona
    –> Soult retreated to France
    = British win
  • 31st Aug 1813, Allies stormed San Sebastián
  • lull in fighting followed
24
Q

Events abroad that affected the Peninsula Wars?

A
  • 1812, war broke out between USA and Britain
    –> British troops deployed elsewhere overseas
  • Aug 1813, Russia, Prussia, Austria fought Napoleon in Germany
  • 16-19th Oct 1813, Battle of Nations
    –> Napoleon decisively defeated and forced to retreat across the Rhine
  • 31st March 1814, other allies entered Paris
  • 6th April 1814, Napoleon abdicated
  • 24th Dec 1814, Treaty of Ghent signed
    –> ended the war of 1812 between Britain and the USA
25
Q

When did Wellington’s troops enter France?

A
  • 7th Oct 1813, Wellington crossed the Bidasoa River
    –> broke French line of defence
    –> established a bridgehead in France
  • Wellington sent back his Spanish troops (certain to seek revenge for French atrocities in Spain and antagonise French civilians)
  • 10th Nov 1813, Battle of Nivelle
    –> British crossed the River Nivelle
    –> British took strong French positions
    –> Wellington called it “my best work” in the Peninsula Wars
    = British win
  • 9th Dec 1813, Wellington forced troops across the river Nive
  • cold winter halted Wellington’s advance for 9 weeks
26
Q

What happened in the year 1814?

A
  • Feb 1814, Wellington pressed north as Soult retreated
  • March 1814, other allies entered Paris
  • 6th April 1814, Napoleon abdicated
  • 10th April 1814, Battle of Toulouse
    –> Soult retreated to Toulouse to replenish his army and Wellington surrounded the city on 3 sides
    = British win
    –> pointless as Napoleon had surrendered to the Allied 6th Coalition 4 days earlier; unknown yet to command
27
Q

Why did the Peninsula War continue into 1815 if Napoleon abdicated in 1814?

A
  • Napoleon escaped from his exile on the island of Elba
  • 26th Feb 1815, he landed in France and gathered a small army
  • 20th March 1815, Napoleon entered Paris and King Louis XVIII fled
28
Q

What happened after Napoleon’s return?

A
  • June 1815, a French army of 120,000 took Wellington and Blucher by surprise in southern Belgium
  • 16th June 1815, Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras
    –> Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Ligny; Blucher badly mauled
    –> Ney failed to defeat Wellington at Quatre Bras
    = British win
  • Wellington retreated towards Brussels
29
Q

How did the Battle of Waterloo generally go?

A

18th June 1815
- French attack postponed to 11:30 AM
- Napoleon left Key in command (ill)
- Ney wasted the French cavalry
- 13:30 72,000 Prussians under Blucher arrived to support the British
- British broke Napoleon’s ‘Old Guard’
- French failed to capture Hougoumont
= British victory

30
Q

Why was the French attack at Waterloo postponed? (3)

A

postponed to 11:30 AM
- wet ground (would hinder effects of artillery fire)
- Napoleon unwell (unable to sit on horse for long)
- French troops would have to attack uphill

31
Q

What were Wellinton’s strongpoints at Waterloo?

A
  • Hougoumont
  • La Haye Sainte
  • Papelotte
32
Q

How did Ney ‘waste’ the French cavalry at Waterloo?

A

Wellington moved his troops back, out of artillery range
–> Ney thought he was retreating; sent all of the French cavalry in pursuit
–> allied infantry formed squares and fired volleys into French horsemen

33
Q

How did the British defeat Napoleon’s ‘Old Guard’ at Waterloo?

A

Columns of the Old Guard marched uphill to break the British line
–> under heavy fire from British infantry
–> Old Guard wavered
–> Wellington ordered British troops to charge at French with bayonets
–> Old Guard broke

34
Q

What happened to Napoleon after his defeat at Waterloo?

A
  • surrendered on HMS Bellerophon (British ship of the line)
  • forced into exile on island of St Helena
35
Q

Positives of Britain’s position after Waterloo?

A
  • all-time high of British military and diplomatic prestige
  • British Navy had more ships than the combined fleets of Russia, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, USA, and France
36
Q

Positives of Britain’s position after Waterloo?

A
  • Parliament tried to reduce taxation and national debt = severe cuts in funding for the armed forces
  • the number of warships in commission fell drastically
    –> 713 in 1814 / 121 in 1818
  • 1817 nearly 90% of naval officers were in ‘half-pay’