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Psychology 3/4 > The Brain/Nervous System > Flashcards

The Brain/Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Transmits impulses to the CNS from external receptors. ASCENDING to the brain.

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1
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles/glands. DESCENDING from brain

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2
Q

Interneuron

A

Connects motor and sensory neurons mainly in spinal cord or brain

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3
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • 2 way communication
  • Pass sensory info from PNS to the brain
  • Pass info from brain to PNS
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4
Q

Nervous system

A

Provides the basis for psychological experience

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5
Q

CNS

A

Directs psychological and basic life processes.

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

Receives sensory input- sends info to brain, responds with motor output

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7
Q

Brain

A

Directs psychological activity - processes info, maintains life support.

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8
Q

PNS

A

Carries info to and from CNS.

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Serves basic life functions.
Eg. Beating heart
- part of PNS

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Readies the body in response to threat.
  • Increases activity of muscles, organs, glands when threatened/stressed.
  • Sends neurotransmitter into blood stream to activate organism.
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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Calms the body down to a balanced state of homeostasis.
  • Decreases activity of muscles, organs, glands back to a normal rate.
  • DOMINATES sympathetic.
  • Operates at the same time as sympathetic.
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12
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conveys sensory info to the CNS and sends motor messages to the muscles.

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13
Q

Fight or flight response

A

A state of arousal that prepares or mobilises the body to confront a situation or to flee from a situation.
- sympathetic division of autonomic ns.

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Outer covering of the brain
  • includes the 4 lobes
  • enables us to plan and carry out body movement, undertake tasks, information processing activities such as: language, speech, learning, receiving info etc.
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15
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A
  • Two hemispheres almost symmetrical
  • Connected by corpus callosum
  • Allows them to work together
  • Information crosses over through corpus callosum
16
Q

Lobes of the brain

A
  • 8 lobes, 4 per hemisphere
  • Every lobe has a primary cortex and an association area.
  • Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe.
17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Largest lobe
  • Located at front of the brain
  • Primary motor cortex: voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
  • Association area involved in thinking, planning, abstract, reasoning and personality.
18
Q

Parietal lobes

A
  • Sensory lobe
  • Behind frontal lobe
  • Somatosensory cortex: Receives info about perception of own body, where things are located and immediate environment.
  • Association area monitors body limb position and determines special positions of objects.
19
Q

Occipital Lobes

A
  • Back of hemisphere
  • Visual cortex: Receives visual info, works contralaterally like all other lobes.
  • Association area processes visual info, selects,organises and integrates features of visual stimuli.
20
Q

Temporal Lobes

A
  • Located under temple bone
  • Auditory cortex receives auditory information.
  • Association area deals with facial recognition, speech, memory, object identification and behavioural responses.
21
Q

Hemispheric specialisation

A

All activities controlled by two hemispheres, each hemisphere generally performs the same function.

22
Q

Cognitive functions

A
  • Mental abilities ( learning, thinking, problem solving etc)
  • Info comes from receptor sites and sensory neurons
  • the cognitive functions that involve language require the language centres. They are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.
23
Q

Behavioural functions

A

-Not many behavioural functions are performed without cognitive functions to initiate, plan and organise actions.

24
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • Movement and sensation on right side of body.
  • Language ( speech,writing)
  • Analysis ( maths,science)
  • Rationality ( logical reasoning)
25
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • Movement and sensation on left side of body.
  • Spatial ability ( mental rotation of objects eg. Puzzles )
  • Creativity (painting, poetry)
  • Fantasy
  • Appreciation of music/art/beauty
26
Q

Aphasia

A

Form of language loss or impairment due to brain damage, disease or injury.

27
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Located in left frontal lobe next to motor cortex.Paul Broca.
  • When damaged it affects production of speech because next to motor cortex.
  • Involved in the movement of muscles required to speak
  • Linked with cerebral cortex concerned with meaning of words, sentence structure and grammar.
28
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Sentences are mainly verbs or nouns, setences just 3 or 4 words long.
  • Speech is still coherent
  • Very deliberate speech and must work hard to produce speech.
  • If order of words are changed then can be confused.
  • Aphasia studies give info about language centres and what happens when damaged.
29
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Involved in interpreting sound especially human speech.
  • Vital for understanding words and locating appropriate words for meaning.
  • Karl Wernicke
30
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Fluent speech
  • Meaningless and unclear because the string of words don’t make sense when put together (eg. Cooked eggs on football in dentist)
31
Q

Contribution of aphasia studies

A
  • Give us info about where language centres are located eg left hemisphere.
  • Gives info about how language is changed due to damage.
  • Damage usually caused by stroke.
32
Q

Spatial neglect syndrome

A
  • Results from brain damage to areas of parietal lobe of right hemisphere.
  • Patient behaves as if left side of their world and sometimes left side of body doesn’t exist.
  • Can see left side but ignore it
  • Conciousness: limits thoughts, perceptions,behaviours, performance of everyday activities
33
Q

Construction of spatial neglect studies

A

Imaging suggests there is a widespread network of areas and neural pathways are involved.

34
Q

Split-brain studies

A
  • Patients with severe epilepsy undergo surgery to sever the fibres of the corpus callosum dividing the left and right hemisphere.
  • Sperry and Gazzaniga (1960’s) studied patients with split brain and noticed they were quite normal.
  • if shown something on LVF patients can’t communicate what they have see even though they have received the visual stimuli b/c right hemisphere can’t transfer info the left hemisphere.
35
Q

Ethics

A
  • By patients being in accidents/surgery research can be done as it would be unethical to perform such damage on the brain without reason.
  • Confidentiality is not always preserved.

Psychology 3/4 (2 decks)

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