Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Psychology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Anthropods

A

First organisms with a central nervous system. about 520 million years ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neanderthals

A

Lived about 350,000 to 28,000 years ago. Brain volume of 1,450 cc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Australopithecus

A

4 million years ago. Brain volume 450-650 cc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Home Erectus

A

1.6 million to 100,000 years ago. Brain volume of 900cc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Home Sapiens

A

200,00 years ago to present. Brain volume of 1,300 cc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Three Main Brain Structures

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hindbrain

A

Regulates breathing, heart rate, arousal, and other basic survival functions.
The first brain function to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three main parts of Hindbrain

A

Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medulla

A

A Hindbrain structure that extends directly from the spinal cord; regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. also involved in various kinds of involuntary reflective responses like coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pons

A

A hindbrain structure that serves as a bridge between the lower brain regions and the higher midbrain. and forebrain activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cerebellum

A

A hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Midbrain

A

The second brain region to evolve after the hindbrain. It’s the smallest of the three regions. controls the eye muscles, process auditory and visual information and initiate voluntary movement of the body. The midbrain, the medulla, and the pons together are sometimes referred to as the brain stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reticular formation

A

A network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hindbrain and the midbrain; is crucial to waking up and falling asleep. It is considered a major player in the maintenance of wakefulness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun

A

They were the first neuroscientists to study the reticular formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parkinson’s Disease and midbrain function

A

People with Parkinson’s disease have problems with midbrain function, due to the loss of neurons that use dopamine there.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Forebrain

A

The last major region to evolve. consists of the cerebrum and other structures, like the thalamus and the limbic system. Controls cognitive, sensory, and motor function, and regulate temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and the display of emotions. The forebrain is bilateral- one on each side of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thalamus (sensory relay station)

A

A forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of smell.
unique in the case of the thalamus. It has a thalamic relay, but unlike other senses, it has direct connections to the memory and emotional processing areas of the brain in the limbic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Limbic System

A

Controls motivation and emotion. it includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
A connection group of forebrain structures (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus) that share important information function in emotion, memory, and motivation and regulate autonomic and endocrine function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A limbic structure; the master regulator of almost all major drives, and motives we have, such as hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior; also controls the pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Responsible for producing and controlling the hormones our bodies produce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hippocampus

A

A limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus; plays a vital role in learning and memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amygdala

A

A small almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus; has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information, especially that related to fear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

A belt-like structure in the middle of the brain; plays an important role in attention and cognitive control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A collection of structures surrounding the thalamus; involved involuntary motor control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Four lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Each of the four lobes has a counterpart on the opposite side of the brain. Most important for thinking, planning, and integrating the brain’s activity are the frontal lobes, whereas hearing is processed in the temporal lobes.

27
Q

Cerebrum

A

Each of the large halves of the brain; covered with convolutions, or folds.
Composed of four large areas called lobes, and they are bilateral-located on both sides.
Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place.

29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

In front of the brain, make up one-third of the area of the cerebral cortex. one important region of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex.

30
Q

Eduard Hitzig

A

In the 1860s, this German physiologist noticed that touching the surface of a specific side of the brain caused a soldier’s body to twitch on the opposite side.

31
Q

Cortical Localization

A

Different parts of the cortex are responsible for different functions.

32
Q

Phineas Gage’s accident

A

A famous story in neuroscience. A case story of frontal lobe involvement in impulse control and personality. September 1848 Phineas Gage’s accident to his frontal lobe changed his personality.

33
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Make-up the top and rear sections of the brain, are, important in the sensation and perception of touch.

34
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

A strip of the parietal lobe involved in the processing and perception of sensory information from the body, especially temperature, touch, pressure, and pain. lies directly behind the motor cortex of the frontal lobe. these two regions are “twins” The face, lips, or toes, for example, activates the same areas of both cortexes.

35
Q

Output: Motor Cortex

A

The left hemisphere section controls the body’s right side

36
Q

Input: Somatosensory Cortex

A

The left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side.

37
Q

Insula

A

A small structure inside the cerebrum that plays an important role in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, and addictive behavior.

38
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

39
Q

Aphasia

A

A deficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language.
People with aphasia often have damage or lesions in the same region of the left frontal lobe, this region is responsible for the ability to produce speech, which is commonly referred to as Broca’s Area.

40
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Lie directly below the frontal and parietal lobes and right behind the ears. Has different functions, but the main one is hearing. Houses the auditory cortex, where sound information arrives from the thalamus for processing. Also houses and connects with the hippocampus and amygdala, and, so, are also involved in memory and emotion.

41
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Occupy the rear of the brain. Optic nerves travel from the eye to the thalamus and then to the occipital lobes- to the primary visual cortex.

42
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

The human cerebrum is divided into two equal hemispheres. look similar, but the hemispheres differ in shape, size, and function.

43
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Processes information in a more focused and analytic manner.

44
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Integrates information in a more holistic, or broader manner. insights and solutions to problems are more likely to occur in the right hemisphere.

45
Q

The functional difference between the cerebral hemisphere

A

is in language. speech and language comprehension involve two separate regions in the left hemisphere.

46
Q

Ernest Auburtin

A

Diagnosed a ‘softening’ of the anterior lobes” in a patient who understands but could not produce speech.

47
Q

Broca’s area

A

The area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech.

48
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The area deep in the left temporal lobe responsible for the ability to speak in meaningful sentences and to comprehend the meaning of speech.

49
Q

Slipt-Brain-Research

A

This shows that we can know something even if we cannot name it

50
Q

The visual field of the brain

A

Information from the two visual fields is processed on the opposite side of the brain.

51
Q

Neuroplasticaty

A

The brain ability to adopt new functions, reorganized itself, or make new neural connections through life, as a function of experience.

52
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The development of new neurons

53
Q

Arborization

A

The growth and formation of new dendrites

54
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons

55
Q

Fred “Rusty” Gage

A

The person most responsible for demonstrating neurogenesis in humans. another person was Elizabeth Gould

56
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A method for measuring brain activity in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes placed on a person’s scalp.

57
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

A technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.

58
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues.

59
Q

Functional MRI

A

A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in areas of the brain and other soft tissues. Tells us about brain activity, unlike MRI.
Based on how the brain uses blood oxygen. where activity occurs. does not provide precise measures of when activation occurs.

60
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A brain imagining technique that measures blood flow to active areas in the brain. involves injecting the participant/ patient with a radioactive form of oxygen (or glucose)

61
Q

Gray matter

A

is the brain tissue composed of neuron cell bodies

62
Q

white matter

A

Brain tissue made up of white myelinated axons.

63
Q

Diffusion tensor imagining

A

A method of brain measurement similar to MRI that provides a measure of white matter rather than grey matter; ideal for examining connections between brain regions, rather than those regions themselves.

64
Q

Near-infrared spectrometry

A

Uses light rather than magnets to produce images of brain tissue.

Intro to Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions