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Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the PNS composed of?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

afferent neuron

A

sensory neuron

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4
Q

efferent neuron

A

motor neuron

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5
Q

somatic sensory receptors

A

monitor the outside environment

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6
Q

visceral sensory receptors

A

monitor the internal environment

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic or parasympathetic ie smooth muscle , cardiac muscle

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9
Q

the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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10
Q

where is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

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11
Q

functions of CSF

A
  1. bathes brain and spinal cord
  2. protection
  3. nutrition for brain tissue
  4. blood-brain barrier
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12
Q

what are the 4 regions of the brain

A
  1. the cerebrum
  2. the diencephalon
  3. the cerebellum
  4. the brainstem
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13
Q

what connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

the corpus callosum

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14
Q

what is hemispheric lateralization?

A

each hemisphere specializes in certain activities

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15
Q

what are the lobes in the cerebellum?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe

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16
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

the frontal lobe of the cerebellum

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17
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

initiates voluntary movement of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body

18
Q

what does the premotor cortex do?

A

coordinates learned activities

19
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe, personality and thought processes

20
Q

what are the upper motor neuron pathways

A

anterior and lateral

21
Q

cerebellum function

A

smooth coordinated muscle movement

22
Q

how does the cerebellum receive sensory info?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract via proprioceptors

23
Q

cerebellar diseases

A

jerky uncoordinated movements

  • intention tremor
  • past pointing
  • ataxia (clumsy gait)
24
Q

function of the thalamus

A

relay nerve impulses from other brain regions to motor cortex

25
Q

function of the basal nuclei

A

planning, programming and execution of voluntary movement

26
Q

how do the basal nuclei control movement

A

with two way communication system with cerebral cortex can modify output from motor cortex

27
Q

what type of impulses are predominant in basal nuclei

A

inhibitory

28
Q

what does damage to the basal nuclei result in?

A

increased muscle tone, tremors, difficulty initiating movement

29
Q

cause of parkinsons disease

A

lack of dopamine released by neurons of the substantia nigra which project up into putamen and caudate nucleus

30
Q

symptoms of parkinsons disease

A

basal nuclei more active = resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity of muscles

31
Q

cause of huntingtons disease

A

damage to caudate nucleus

32
Q

symptom of huntingtons disease

A

jerky involuntary movements

33
Q

what does the vestibular apparatus do?

A

equilibrium and balance, maintain posture

34
Q

what is the vestibular apparatus composed of?

A

3 semicircular canals (anterior, posterior and lateral)

2 chamber - utricle and saccule

35
Q

what do the utricle and saccule do?

A

linear acceleration

36
Q

what do the semicircular canals do?

A

angular acceleration

37
Q

what are the sensory receptors of the vestibular apparatus?

A

hair cells in the membranous labyrinth

38
Q

what is a reflex?

A

an automated response to a stimulus mediated within the brain or spinal cord, reflex arc

39
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

stretch activated sensory receptors

40
Q

what are hair cells composed of?

A

stereocilia and a kinocilium

41
Q

what does bending of the hair cells in VA do?

A

depolarisation sets up action potentials in the vestibular portion of the the cranial nerve VIII

42
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

autonomic nervous system, hunger and thirst, emotional responses

Physiology (7 decks)

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