Blood

Question 1

what is extracellular fluid composed of?

Answer 1

interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 2

what percentage of whole blood is plasma?

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

composition of plasma

Answer 3

plasma proteins, water, solutes

Question 4

examples of plasma proteins

Answer 4

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins

Question 5

solutes in plasma

Answer 5

electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes

Question 6

most abundant plasma protein?

Answer 6

albumin

Question 7

functions of albumin

Answer 7

osmotic pressure, transports lipids/hormones

Question 8

why are electrolytes needed

Answer 8

essential for vital cellular activity

Question 9

what hormone stimulates red blood cell production

Answer 9

erythropoietin

Question 10

where is erythropoietin produced?

Answer 10

the kidneys

Question 11

stem cell of rbc?

Answer 11

hemocytoblast

Question 12

precursor of erythrocyte?

Answer 12

reticulocyte

Question 13

what is synthetic erythropoietin used for?

Answer 13

chronic renal failure, blood doping

Question 14

dangers of blood doping?

Answer 14

increased blood viscosity- heart attack/stroke

Question 15

RBC functions

Answer 15

oxygen transport, co2 transport, blood buffer

Question 16

hemoglobin structure

Answer 16

4 polypeptide chains: 2a 2B (in adults)

Question 17

foetal Hb structure

Answer 17

2a 2y polypeptides, better O2 binding capacity

Question 18

haemoglobinopathies

Answer 18

thalassemia , sickle cell disease

Question 19

sickle cell disease

Answer 19

fragile cells, can become trapped in microcirculation obstructing blood flow, leads to ischemia, infarction

Question 20

where are RBCs broken down?

Answer 20

spleen

Question 21

RBC breakdown

Answer 21

120 days

• heme separates from globin
• globin broken into amino acids
• heme iron recycled
• heme billirubin excreted in bile

Question 22

cause of jaundice?

Answer 22

excess bilirubin or liver disease

Question 23

hematocrit

Answer 23

percentage of formed elements in blood

normal: 37-54%

Question 24

RBC count

Answer 24

no of RBCs per ml of whole blood

normal: 4.2-6.3 mill/uL

Question 25

hemoglobin concentration

Answer 25

concentration of hemoglobin in blood | normal: 12-18 g/dL

Question 26

universal donor

Answer 26

O neg

Question 27

what antibodies does AB blood have?

Answer 27

neither A nor B antibodies

Question 28

what antigens does O blood have?

Answer 28

neither A nor B

Question 29

what antibodies does type B blood have?

Answer 29

anti-A antibodies

Question 30

what occurs in wrong blood transfusion

Answer 30

antibodies bind with antigens, agglutination, hemolysis, , kidney and liver damage

Question 31

what happens if endothelium is damaged?

Answer 31

platelets bind to exposed collagen (von Willebrand factor) and release ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2

Question 32

fibrin formation pathways

Answer 32

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 33

extrinsic fibrin formation pathway

Answer 33

activated by tissue thromboplastin - VII activated - X activated - prothrombin to thrombin - fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 34

intrinsic fibrin formation pathway

Answer 34

activated by collagen and glass - XII, XI, IX activated - X activated - prothrombin to thrombin - fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 35

agranulocytes

Answer 35

lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets

Question 36

B lymphocyte functions

Answer 36

NK cells: immunological surveillance, cytotoxic non specific B cells produce antibodies which bind to antigens Memory B cells recognize antigens

Question 37

T lymphocyte functions

Answer 37

helper, cytotoxic, suppressor | cell mediated immunity, release lymphokines

Question 38

what is immunity?

Answer 38

a state of resistance against an infection caused by a pathogen

Question 39

what is innate immunity?

Answer 39

non specific barriers to infection - physical barriers ie skin - phagocytes - immunological surveillance NK - interferons - complement - inflammatory response - fever

Question 40

what do interferons do?

Answer 40

slow spread of disease and increase resistance to infection

Question 41

what does complement do?

Answer 41

attack and break down cell walls attract phagocytic cells stimulates inflammation

Question 42

functions of fever?

Answer 42

mobilize defenses accelerates repairs inhibits pathogens

Question 43

what is a diagnostic marker for infection?

Answer 43

C reactive protein CRP

Question 44

what part of the brain controls fever?

Answer 44

the hypothalamus