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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is extracellular fluid composed of?

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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2
Q

what percentage of whole blood is plasma?

A

55%

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3
Q

composition of plasma

A

plasma proteins, water, solutes

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4
Q

examples of plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins

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5
Q

solutes in plasma

A

electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes

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6
Q

most abundant plasma protein?

A

albumin

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7
Q

functions of albumin

A

osmotic pressure, transports lipids/hormones

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8
Q

why are electrolytes needed

A

essential for vital cellular activity

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9
Q

what hormone stimulates red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin

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10
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

the kidneys

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11
Q

stem cell of rbc?

A

hemocytoblast

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12
Q

precursor of erythrocyte?

A

reticulocyte

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13
Q

what is synthetic erythropoietin used for?

A

chronic renal failure, blood doping

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14
Q

dangers of blood doping?

A

increased blood viscosity- heart attack/stroke

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15
Q

RBC functions

A

oxygen transport, co2 transport, blood buffer

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16
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

4 polypeptide chains: 2a 2B (in adults)

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17
Q

foetal Hb structure

A

2a 2y polypeptides, better O2 binding capacity

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18
Q

haemoglobinopathies

A

thalassemia , sickle cell disease

19
Q

sickle cell disease

A

fragile cells, can become trapped in microcirculation obstructing blood flow, leads to ischemia, infarction

20
Q

where are RBCs broken down?

A

spleen

21
Q

RBC breakdown

A

120 days

  • heme separates from globin
  • globin broken into amino acids
  • heme iron recycled
  • heme billirubin excreted in bile
22
Q

cause of jaundice?

A

excess bilirubin or liver disease

23
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of formed elements in blood

normal: 37-54%

24
Q

RBC count

A

no of RBCs per ml of whole blood

normal: 4.2-6.3 mill/uL

25
Q

hemoglobin concentration

A

concentration of hemoglobin in blood

normal: 12-18 g/dL

26
Q

universal donor

A

O neg

27
Q

what antibodies does AB blood have?

A

neither A nor B antibodies

28
Q

what antigens does O blood have?

A

neither A nor B

29
Q

what antibodies does type B blood have?

A

anti-A antibodies

30
Q

what occurs in wrong blood transfusion

A

antibodies bind with antigens, agglutination, hemolysis, , kidney and liver damage

31
Q

what happens if endothelium is damaged?

A

platelets bind to exposed collagen (von Willebrand factor) and release ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2

32
Q

fibrin formation pathways

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

33
Q

extrinsic fibrin formation pathway

A

activated by tissue thromboplastin

  • VII activated
  • X activated
  • prothrombin to thrombin
  • fibrinogen to fibrin
34
Q

intrinsic fibrin formation pathway

A

activated by collagen and glass

  • XII, XI, IX activated
  • X activated
  • prothrombin to thrombin
  • fibrinogen to fibrin
35
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets

36
Q

B lymphocyte functions

A

NK cells: immunological surveillance, cytotoxic non specific
B cells produce antibodies which bind to antigens
Memory B cells recognize antigens

37
Q

T lymphocyte functions

A

helper, cytotoxic, suppressor

cell mediated immunity, release lymphokines

38
Q

what is immunity?

A

a state of resistance against an infection caused by a pathogen

39
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non specific barriers to infection

  • physical barriers ie skin
  • phagocytes
  • immunological surveillance NK
  • interferons
  • complement
  • inflammatory response
  • fever
40
Q

what do interferons do?

A

slow spread of disease and increase resistance to infection

41
Q

what does complement do?

A

attack and break down cell walls
attract phagocytic cells
stimulates inflammation

42
Q

functions of fever?

A

mobilize defenses
accelerates repairs
inhibits pathogens

43
Q

what is a diagnostic marker for infection?

A

C reactive protein CRP

44
Q

what part of the brain controls fever?

A

the hypothalamus

Physiology (7 decks)

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