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Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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2
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

The spinal nerves and the cranial nerves.

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3
Q

What is another name for afferent nerves?

A

Sensory nerves

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4
Q

What is another name for efferent nerves?

A

Motor nerves

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5
Q

How is the SNS, skeletal muscle stimulated?

A

Through lower alpha motor neurons that stimulate the skeletal muscle system

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6
Q

What does the ANS, involuntary muscle stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue.

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7
Q

What is another word for skull?

A

Cranium

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8
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid MAter and Pia mater (DAP)

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9
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

In the choroid plexus of lateral ventricle.

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10
Q

Where does CSF circulate?

A

Circulates within the ventricles and subarachnoid space. Sample of CSF is taken from a lumbar puncture from the spine in the back.

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11
Q

What are the four functions of the CSF?

A
  • bathe the brain and spinal cord
  • blood-brain barrier (physical barrier between the blood circulation and CSF)
  • Protection
  • Nutrition for the brain tissue.
  • continuous flow of CSF is important *
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12
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum and the brainstem (BCCD)

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13
Q

Where is the cerebrum located in the brain?

A

It is at the top (c - ceiling)

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14
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and what is its function?

A

It is located in the lower posterior of the brain and its function is to coordinate the skeletal muscle.

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15
Q

Where is the brainstem located and what is its function?

A

The brainstem is located in the midbrain and its function is to control breathing and the heartbeat. Injuries to this area are generally incompatible with life.

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16
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located?

A

It is located in the middle of the brain.

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17
Q

What is it called when each hemisphere specialises in certain activites?

A

This is known as hemispheric lateralisation.

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18
Q

What are the 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

The Corpus Callosum.

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19
Q

What are the different lobes within the cerebrum? (4) POFT

A
  • frontal lobe
  • central sulcus (separates)
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
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20
Q

Which part of the frontal lobe initiates the movement of skeletal muscle?

A

The primary motor cortex.

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21
Q

What part of the frontal lobe allows for speech and forming of words?

A

The Broca’s motor speech centre.

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22
Q

What is the premotor cortex involved in?

A

It is involved in coordinating learned activites.

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23
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex which is found in the frontal lobe?

A

It is involved in complex functions; personality and thought processes ex: mood, emotion, motivation, judgement and social skills planning etc

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24
Q

What are the cells that originates from the upper motor neuron pathways travelling through the corticospinal tracts called?

A

Originate as pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex.

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25
Q

Where do the axons of the corticospinal tracts descend from?

A

They descend from the internal capsule and cross over to the opposite side of the body.

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26
Q

Describe the path of the upper motor neuron pathway of pyramidal cells after they have crossed over to the opp.side of the body.

A

They cross over to the medulla and continue down the spinal cord where they eventually synapse with cell bodies of the LOWER MOTOR NEURONES.

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27
Q

What does the crossing over/decussation of the axons of the primary motor cortex control?

A

It controls the skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body.

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28
Q

What is it called as the neurons of the upper motor neuron pathway initiate voluntary movement damage/lesions can result in the effected skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body?

A

This is called hemiparesis. Not being able to move half the body.

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29
Q

What is the side of the motor homunculus that is related to the motor area?

A

The left hand side; facial expression and hands (fingers and thumb) are the most detailed - high area of the motor map over 2/3.

30
Q

What is the cerebellum composed of?

A

Outer grey and inner white matter.

31
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination, its role is to allow smooth coordinated muscle movement, especially rapid movements where planning and timing are essential to the control of the movement.

32
Q

Does damage to the cerebellum cause paralysis of the muscle?

A

No, it does not.

33
Q

What is the cerebellum essential to balance the activites between?

A

The agonist and antagonist muscles.

34
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from?

A

The muscles/limbs via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.

35
Q

What are joint, tendon and muscle receptors called? What do they do?

A

Proprioceptors, these send impulses via this tract informing the cerebellum about what is going on as the movement progresses

36
Q

What does the cerebellum do in response to messages sent from the proprioceptors?

A

The cerebellum uses the info sent to modify what will happen during the movement through its connections to the other parts of the brain including the motor cortex. MUST TELL OTHER BRAIN REGIONS EX: MOTOR CORTEX.

37
Q

Is the majority of the output from the cerebellum inhibitory?

A

Yes.

38
Q

What is an example of a cerebellar disease?

A

Ataxia (clumsy uncoordinated gait), Leads to an intention tremor (movement is jerky) past-pointing.

39
Q

Are the thalamus and basal nuclei in control of movement close together?

A

Yes

40
Q

What are the thalamus and basal nuclei composed of?

A

Grey and white matter.

41
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

The thalamus relays nerve impulses from other brain regions up to the motor cortex.

42
Q

What are a few of the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • maintaining body temp
  • appetite maintenance
  • releasing hormones
  • managing sexual behaviour
43
Q

What are the three nuclei which make up the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus these make up the Corpus Striatum.

44
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

It is involved in the planning, programming and execution of voluntary movement. ** gross body movement or positioning and stability of the body before a more dextrous/discrete movement takes place.

45
Q

What is the two way communication system which the basal nuclei is involved in ?

A

This is to do with the regulation of the cerebral cortex, the two way communication system can modify the output from the motor cortex to the muscles of the body. The impulses of the cerebral cortex may be excitatory or inhibitory. Modifications are especially important to start and stop a particular movement.

46
Q

What are some of the symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei?

A

As the impulses of the basal nuclei are largely inhibitory therefore damage to these pathways result in increased muscle tone this leads to unwanted uncontrolled movements of affected muscles, tremors and difficulties initiating involuntary movements also known as akinesia.

47
Q

What is it called having trouble initiating involuntary movements?

A

Akinesia.

48
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease caused by?

A

A lack of dopamine released by neurons of the Substantia Nigra which project up to the Putamen and Caudate Nucleus.

49
Q

What is Bradykinesia?

A

This is when there is a rigidity of the muscles, leads to resting tremors; involuntary movement. The basal nuclei are more active.

50
Q

What is the disease which involves damage within the caudate nucleus and a symptom of Choreas (jerky involuntary movement)?

A

Huntington’s Disease

51
Q

What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?

A

The function of the VA is associated with equilibrium and balance and is coordinated in a part of the inner ear.

52
Q

What do VA signals along with sensory input from visual and position receptors (proprioceptors) contribute to?

A

The maintenance of posture and balance during movement.

53
Q

What is the Vestibular apparatus composed of?

A

It is composed of the 3 semicircular canals and the two chambers of the utricle and saccule.

54
Q

What acceleration do the two chambers; utricle and saccule deal with?

A

These chambers deal with linear, horizontal or vertical acceleration.

55
Q

What acceleration do the semicircular canals deal with?

A

These deal with angular rotational acceleration.

56
Q

What type of cells are the sensory receptors involved in the functioning of the vestibular apparatus? Where are they located?

A

Hair cells, located in the membranous labyrinth filled with ENDOLYMPH.

57
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth surrounded by?

A

By the bony labyrinth, filled with perilymph.

58
Q

What is a vestibular reflex?

A

This is an automatic stereotyped response to a stimulus mediated within the brain or spinal cord. Postural reflexes are a major sub group.

59
Q

What is the orderly sequence of events in the vestibular reflex called?

A

This is called a reflex arc.

60
Q

What reflexes do the vestibular reflexes work in conjunction with? How are these other reflexes important?

A

With the tonic neck reflexes, neck reflexes are important in the maintenance of posture and have more muscle spindles than any other muscle in the body. Muscle spindles are stretch activated sensory receptors.

61
Q

What types of muscle receptors are muscle spindles?

A

These are stretch activated sensory receptors.

62
Q

What are each hair cell composed of?

A

Each of these cells are composed of smaller hair like projections called STEREOCILIA and one larger KINOCILIUM. These hair cells are oriented in different directions. Otolith moves downhill distorting hari cell processes.

63
Q

Stimulation of the hair cell causes them to bend in a particular direction resulting in?

A

Either depolarization (excitation) or hyperpolarization (inhibition).

64
Q

What does the bending of hair cells in response to movement set up?

A

This sets up action potentials in the vestibular portion of the cranial nerve VIII.

65
Q

From where are impulses relayed to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem and from here to other brain regions?

A

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve.

66
Q

Why is the midbrain important with regards to control of voluntary movement?

A

In regulation of muscle tone and posture which are essential for normal movement. Location of the reticular formation.

67
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

There are 12 cranial nerves.

2 - 12. These are packed into the brainstem- respiratory and cardiac control.

68
Q

What is the reticular formation composed of?

A

Lots of interconnected nuclei which are involved in the control of movement via the RED NUCLEUS pathway and cerebral PEDUNCLES which also contain axons of motor pathways

69
Q

Where does the midbrains sensory functions occur?

A

Via the superior and inferior COLLICULI; these contain many reflex arc relating to visual and auditory stimuli - these also impact on the control of our movements.

70
Q

What controls eye movements?

A

The cranial nerves.

71
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

It is the coordinator of the autonomic nervous system. It is the control centre for hunger and thirst. It is involved in a variety of emotional responses in junction with the limbic system.

72
Q

What influence does the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

It has an endocrine influence on the pituitary gland.

Physiology (5 decks)

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