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Physiology > Blood Physiology > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the human body is composed of water?

A

60%, ex :40-45 liters in a 70kg male.

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2
Q

What is ECF; extracellular fluid composed of?

A

Interstitial fluid (bathes cells) and plasma.

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3
Q

What % of the blood is plasma? What are the major plasma proteins?

A

55% plasma, the major plasma proteins are albumins, globulins, fibrinogens and regulatory proteins. Plasma is composed of 92% water which has organic and inorganic molecules and formed elements within it as well as heat.

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4
Q

What % of blood is made up of formed elements?

A

45%; wbc, rbc (99.9 with platelets incl) and platelets

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5
Q

Do mature rbcs have nuclei?

A

No.

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6
Q

Describe rbc production;

A

Rbc production begins in utero, after 6-7 months the bone marrow takes over. Childhood all bone marrow, later in life only sternum, vertebrae ribs and pelvis.

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7
Q

What is the hormone needed to stimulate rbc production by the bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin.

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8
Q

What is anaemia and what is it caused by?

A

It is caused by a lack of RBC and or haemoglobin leading to a reduced O2 carrying capacity in the blood

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9
Q

Describe erythropoiesis?

A

Around 2.5 million RBC are produced every second. Lifespan:120 days. Old RBCs are removed from the blood by phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen and the bone marrow. Iron is recycled into haemoglobin production.

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10
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in the production of rbc?

A

Loss of blood-(low oxygen in body) stimulus tells kidneys to produce erythropoietin. Proerythroblasts in red bone marrow mature more quickly into reticulocytes (baby rbc)leading to more rbc in blood and an increased oxygen delivery to tissues

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11
Q

What is an increased rbc in the body called?

A

Polycythaemia.

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12
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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13
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin in adults?

A

Hb A 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta. Each linked with one Haem molecule, contains one iron atom.

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14
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin in children?

A

Hb F with 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains. Specifically designed in utero

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15
Q

Abnormal Hb aka haemoglobinopathies examples?

A

Sickle cell Hb S, Thalassaemias.

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16
Q

Describe Sickle cell anaemia disease?

A

These cells are fragile, need for blood transfusion. Cells become trapped in microcirculation causing pain, obstructing blood flow developing into ischaemia, stroke, jaundice and respiratory symptoms.

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17
Q

Where are red cells broken down?

A

In the spleen.

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18
Q

What happens to haemoglobin during breakdown?

A

Heme is separated from globin, globin is recycled as amino acids. Heme breakdown yields iron.

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19
Q

What is a breakdown product of heme?

A

Biliverdin which developed into bilirubin is responsible for the yellow pigment which is taken to the liver and leads to the secretion of bile.

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20
Q

What is jaundice?

A

This is the result of a high level of bilirubin in the blood, this can occur in liver disease where diseased liver is unable to handle even normal levels of bilirubin.

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21
Q

What is the haematocrit concentration?

A

37-54% This is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood.

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22
Q

What is the RBC concentration?

A

4.2 - 6.3 million/ul. This is the number of RBC’s per ml of whole blood.

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23
Q

What is the haemoglobin concentration?

A

12-18 g/dl, this is the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood.

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24
Q

What blood group is the universal donor?

A

o neg

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25
Q

What happens if a patient is given the wrong blood type?

A

The antigen on the donor’s cells comes into contact with corresponding antibody; agglutination of patients RBS with haemolysis and release of HB and K+ into the circulation. Major kidney and liver damage.

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26
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Platelets stick to collagen and release ADP, serotonin and thromboxane A2 which is called a platelet release reaction.

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27
Q

What is the Von Willebrand factor which is produced by platelets?

A

This increases the bond by binding to both collagen and platelets.

28
Q

In fibrin formation, the extrinsic pathway is activated by?

A

Tissue thromboplastin.

29
Q

In fibrin formation, the intrinsic pathway is activated by?

A

Collagen and blood.

Factor 9 and factor 10 important.

30
Q

What is clot dissolution?

A

This is where plasminogen (inactive) is converted to (active)Plasmin.

31
Q

What is the common pathway?

A

This is when factor 10 activates prothrombin to produce thrombin > fibrinogen >fibrin. And eventually produces fibrin polymer after this cascade.

32
Q

Lack of factor 8? Lack of factor 9?

A

Haemophilia A, Haemophilia B

33
Q

What produces these factors?

A

The liver.

34
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC in the blood?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte and lymphocyte

35
Q

How many wbc per microlitre?

A

5-9000/ul

36
Q

What are lymphocytes and monocytes (agranulocytes) a part of?

A

The specific/adaptive immune response. These become fixed tissue macrophages. Phagocytic and secretory functions.

37
Q

What do the agranulocytes secretions include?

A

Interleukins, TNF alpha, prostaglandins and bradykinin

38
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A

NK cells, plasma cells.

39
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Immunological surveillance. These are non-cytotoxic cells, non-specific for viruses. bacteria, parasites, tumour cells etc.

40
Q

Function of B cells?

A

Humoral immunity - produce antibodies (B).

41
Q

What cell remembers?

A

The memory t-cell makes a copy. It tells the B-cells to attack the antigen if the host comes into contact with it again.

42
Q

Does the antibody kill the antigen?

A

No, it marks it.

43
Q

What does B-lymphocytes do?

A

They produce antibodies which bind to antigens.

44
Q

What is opsonization?

A

This is when the antigen is made recognizable to the immune system so it can be destroyed.

45
Q

Name the three types of T-lymphocytes.

A

T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells and T suppressor cells

46
Q

What lymphocyte types target antigens?

A

B and T

47
Q

Where are lymphocytes made?

A

In the bone marrow.

48
Q

What do T cells do? what is the consequence of this?

A

They aid the B-lymphocytes via the helper and regulatory T-cells. They do this by releasing lymphokines. B lymphocytes then produce antibodies!

49
Q

What is immunity?

A

A state of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen.

50
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Immune system normally recognises ‘foreign’ non-self from self antigens.

51
Q

What are the two different types of immunity?

A

Non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive)

52
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

The immune system detects presence of antigens and initiates a complex series of steps designed to neutralise them.

53
Q

Give 2 examples of the innate immunity in the GIT:

A

IgA antibodies in saliva and all along the tract. Acidic pH of stomach will destroy many pathogens.

54
Q

What is a monocyte called when it leaves the blood?

A

Macrophage.

55
Q

What are complement?

A

They are a group of proteins that attack and break down cell walls, attract phagocytes which stimulates inflammation.

56
Q

What are some features of the inflammatory response?

A

Pain, Redness, Swelling, Heat, pus (dead neutrophils), fever (extreme fibril convulsions)

57
Q

What does C Reactive Protein (CRP) do?

A

This increases as part of the immune response and is a very important diagnostic marker for infection.

58
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

This is the attraction of wbc to an area of injury.

59
Q

IL-1 and IL-6 are from what?

A

From macrophages and they target the source of infection.

60
Q

What part of the brain triggers a fever?

A

Hypothalamus.

61
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Response to a threat on an individualised basis.

62
Q

Two types of acquired immunity?

A

Active and passive.

63
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

This is genetically determines, no prior exposure or antibody production involved.

64
Q

What are the two types of active immunity? (long term)

A

Naturally acquired active immunity, natural exposure. Induced active immunity this develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease.

65
Q

What are the two types of passive immunity? (short term)

A

Natural and induced. Natural is for example the transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta or in breast milk. Induced passive immunity is the conferring of antibodies to combat infection.

66
Q

What is an example of induced passive immunity?

A

Gamma Globulin injection.

67
Q

What is the comparison between the primary and the secondary immune response?

A

Primary response takes time, first exposure to new antigen secondary response much faster and more extensive as memory cells are now doing their job.

Physiology (5 decks)

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