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Musculoskeletal Anatomy > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How far inferiorly does the spinal cord extend?

A

To the first or second lumbar vertebrae

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2
Q

At the end of spinal cord, it narrows to a structure. What is it called?

A

The Conus Medullaris

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3
Q

The collection of spinal nerves in the lumbar region of the spine is called?

A

The Cauda Equina

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4
Q

There are two enlargements along the length of the spine. Where are they located and why are they at that location?

A

They are the sites of motor and sensory neurons for the limbs located in both the cervical and lumbar regions

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5
Q

What is the name of the ligament that anchors the spinal cord to the first coccygeal segment?

A

The Filum Terminale

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6
Q

What is the main difference between white and grey matter?

A

The white matter is myelinated axons, whereas the grey matter is unmyelinated.

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7
Q

What types of nerve tracts run along the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory nerve tracts

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8
Q

What types of nerve tracts run along the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

A

Motor neurons

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9
Q

The brainstem is divided into what three regions?

A

The midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

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10
Q

The medulla oblongata contains several centers for autonomic function. List them.

A

Respiratory center, Cardiac center, Vasomotor center, and reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

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11
Q

The medulla oblongata has an important region that is responsible for the switch-over between the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the right and left portions of the body. What is this region called?

A

The decussation of the pyramids

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12
Q

What structure is contained within the medulla oblongata that contains the corticospinal tracts?

A

The pyramids

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13
Q

What cranial nerves have their nuclei within the medulla oblongata?

A

CN IX, X, XI, and XII

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14
Q

The pons has an important center in it that works closely with one in the medulla oblongata, what is it?

A

Respiratory centers

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15
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A

CN V (motor), VI, VII, and part of VIII

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16
Q

What are the connecting tracts between the pons and the cerebrum called?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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17
Q

What region is associated with the reward center, addiction, and movement, and just so happens to produce melanin as well?

A

Substantia nigra

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18
Q

The corpora quadrigemina are masses that make up what structures?

A

The superior and inferior colliculi

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19
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are housed within the midbrain?

A

CN III, IV, and V (sensory)

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20
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for…?

A

Balance/posture, learning of motions, cognitive functions and motor coordination. It does not initiate motions, but is responsible for the fine tuning of motions

21
Q

Consequently, damage to the cerebellum results in what symptoms?

A

Lack of coordination in gait, speech, etc.

22
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

The corpus callosum

23
Q

What are the cracks, or indentations, of the brain called?

A

Sulci

24
Q

The ridges of the brain are called…?

A

Gyri

25
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

26
Q

The cerebral cortex is the site for _______ _______ and perceptive qualities of our experiences.

A

Sensorimotor integration

27
Q

What is the division between the two hemispheres of the brain called?

A

The longitudinal fissure

28
Q

What is the division between the temporal and frontal lobes called?

A

Lateral (Sylvian) sulcus

29
Q

What is the division between the frontal and parietal lobes called?

A

The central sulcus

30
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor activity, behavior, and speech production

31
Q

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory and proprioception, association of somatosensory, vision, audition, formation of egocentric space and sense of self

32
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

33
Q

What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Audition, olfaction, and memory

34
Q

Where is the sensory homunculus represented?

A

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

35
Q

Where is the motor homunculus represented?

A

The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

36
Q

What receives all the sensory stimuli (minus olfactory) and integrates the information to relay to specific cortical areas?

A

The thalamus

37
Q

The walls of the hypothalamus make up which ventricle?

A

The 3rd ventricle

38
Q

What are some primary functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Integration of autonomic nervous system; regulates water balance, body temp, and thirst; produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

39
Q

List the cranial nerves.

Helpful mnemonics:
“Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel a guys vein and hotdog.”

-or-

“Oh, oh, oh, tiny tits are fun and give virgins awkward hips.”

A 
CN I - Olfactory nerve
CN II - Optic nerve
CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN IV - Trochlear nerve
CN V - Trigeminal nerve
CN VI - Abducens nerve
CN VII - Facial Nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve/Auditory nerve
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X - Vagus nerve
CN XI - Accessory nerve
CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
40
Q

What are the functions of CN I, II, III and IV?

A 
CN I (olfactory nerve) - smell
CN II (optic nerve) - sight
CN III (oculomotor nerve) - eye movements, pupil constriction
CN IV (trochlear nerve) - superior oblique muscle
41
Q

What are the functions of CN V, VI, and VII?

A 
CN V (trigeminal nerve) - sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication
CN VI (abducens nerve) - innervation to lateral rectus muscle
CN VII (facial nerve) - muscles of facial expression, taste
42
Q

What are the functions of CN VIII, IX, and X?

A 
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve) - hearing, balance
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) - taste, secretomotor to parotid, stylopharyngeus
CN X (vagus nerve) - motor to laryngeal/pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic to everything north of the splenic flexure
43
Q

What are the functions of CN XI and XII?

A 
CN XI (spinal accessory nerve) - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) - muscles of the tongue
44
Q

How would you test for function of CN I and II?

A

Testing the olfactory nerve is done by waving a nonirritating scent under a patient’s nose and asking if they can smell it. The optic nerve is tested with the Snellen chart and fundoscopic examination.

45
Q

How would you test CN III, IV, and VI?

A

Observing the alignment of the eyes and by having the patient follow a moving object with their eyes. Also shining a light in the eye to look for pupillary constriction to test the oculomotor nerve, specifically.

46
Q

How would you test CN V?

A

Lightly touching the face and cornea with a cotton swab and observing bite strength

47
Q

How would you test CN VII?

A

By observing the ability of the patient to make various facial expressions. Taste is tested by dipping a cotton swab in a flavored substance and placing it on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

48
Q

How would you test CN VIII and IX?

A

The auditory nerve is tested with a tuning fork and introducing head movements while observing the eyes for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement). The glossopharyngeal nerve is tested by assessing taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and determining if sensation is intact on arches of the palate.

49
Q

How would you test CN X, XI, and XII?

A

The vagus is tested by asking the patient to speak. The accessory nerve is tested by contracting the SCM and trapezius muscles against resistance. The hypoglossal nerve is tested by asking the patient to stick their tongue out straight.

Musculoskeletal Anatomy (4 decks)

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