Head and Neck Flashcards
Where is the Glabella located?
It is just superior to the nasal bone between the superior margins of the eye socket
The neurocranium is composed of 6 bones. What are they?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
The viscerocranium is composed of 8 bones. List them.
Mandible, Maxilla, Zygoma, Vomer, Lacrimal, Nasal, Palatine, Inferior Nasal Concha
The bones of the cranial vault, or calvaria, are formed how? How does their formation differ from the majority of other bones in the body?
The bones of the cranial vault are created through intramembranous ossification. Whereas the majority of the other bones in the body are created through enchondral ossification
What is the function of the fontanelles?
To allow for passage of the head through the birth canal, and to accommodate the growth of the brain.
How long do fontanelles exist in the skull of the newborn?
7-19 months
What does bulging of the fontanelles signify in a newborn?
May indicate increased intracranial pressure
What are the three divisions of the cranial fossa?
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior
What bones make up the anterior portion of the cranial base?
Frontal bone, Crista galli, Cribiform plate of the ethmoid, Lesser wings of the sphenoid
What cranial nerve is contained in the anterior portion of the cranial base?
CN I
What is the posterior portion of the cranial base composed of?
Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital
What landmarks are located in the posterior portion of the cranial base?
Foramen magnum, Hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen, and the internal auditory meatus
What bones make up the middle portion of the cranial base?
Sphenoid and temporal bones
What landmarks are located in the middle portion of the cranial base?
Sella tursica, chiasmic groove, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, and the cavernous sinus
What neural tissues are located in the middle portion of the cranial base?
The pituitary, optic chiasm, optic nerve, internal carotid artery, temporal lobes and CN III, IV, V1, V2, and VI
What bones contain the sinuses?
Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla, Frontal, and Temporal
Where does the mandible articulate with the temporal bones?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What is the site of articulation of the mandible with the teeth?
Alveolar process
What nerve innervates the gums/teeth of the mandible?
Inferior aveolar nerve
The temporomandibular joint is innervated by what nerve?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
What structure within the TMJ is implicated as a common cause of TMJ disorder?
The articular disc between the condylar process of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
To serve as an attachment point for the muscles responsible for speech and swallowing
What ligaments suspend the hyoid bone from the styloid process of the temporal bone?
The stylohyoid ligaments
What are the structures of the hyoid bone?
Body, 2 lesser cornua, and 2 greater cornua
The bony orbit of the eye is made up of which 7 bones?
Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, and Palantine
What are the bumpy projections of the nasal cavity called?
The conchae or turbinates
What structure separates the two nostrils at the midline?
The nasal septum, which consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer, and cartilage tissue
What is the function of the conchae?
To warm and filter inhaled air. The mucosa serves an immune function by catching foreign antigen and exposing them to APC’s
List the sutures of the skull and what bones create them.
Coronal - between the frontal and parietal bones; Saggital - between the parietals; Lambdoidal - between the parietal and the occiput; Squamosal - between the parietal and temporal
What is the bregma?
The junction of the corona and saggital sutures
Where is the pterion located?
At the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
Where is the lambda located?
At the junction between the lambdoidal and saggital sutures
What are the two sphincter muscles of the face and what nerve innervates them?
Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris - both are innervated by the Facial Nerve (CNVII)
What are the muscles of mastication and what nerve innervates them?
Temporalis, Masseter, and the Medial and lateral pterygoids - all are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CNV)
What are the actions of the lateral pterygoid?
Depression and protrusion
What are the actions of the medial pterygoid?
Elevation and protrusion (bringing the jaw forward)
What are the actions of the temporalis muscle?
Elevation and retraction
What are the actions of the masseter muscle?
Elevation and protraction
What forms the borders of the posterior triangle?
The sternocleidomastoid, the clavicle, and the trapezius
What forms the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
The sternocleidomastoid, the inferior border of the mandible, and the anterior midline of the neck
What are the muscles involved in deglutition/speech?
The digastric, mylohyoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid, cricothyroid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid
What muscles do the trigeminal nerves innervate?
The anterior belly of the digastric and the mylohyoid
What muscle of deglutition/speech is innervated by the facial nerve?
The posterior belly of the digastric
The sternohyoid, the omohyoid, and the sternothyroid are innervated by what nerve?
The ansa cervicalis
The vagus nerve innervates what muscle of deglutition/speech?
The cricothyroid
The thyrohyoid is innervated by what nerve?
The 1st cervical nerve, via the hypoglossal
The facial nerve provides motor function through it’s five branches. List them.
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical
The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation to the face and divides into three branches. What are they?
The ophthalmic division (V1), the maxillary division (V2), and the mandibular division (V3)
The external carotid artery gives rise to two important arteries of the head. What are they and where do they travel?
The facial artery which travels around the lower border of the mandible towards the midline, and the superficial temporal artery which ascends posterior to ramus of the mandible, but anterior to the ear.
What is clinically significant about the venous drainage of the face?
The facial starts just under the bony orbit of the eye and wraps around the inferiolateral border of the mandible, ultimately draining into the internal jugular. This vein communicates with the superior opthalmic vein, which is deeper into the cavernous sinuses of the face. This is a route of possible infection from the face to the cranial dural sinus
The facial lymphatics follow what?
The major blood vessels of the face and neck
