the brain Flashcards
what are the 3 types of cerebral cortex
1)Olfactory cortex - Receives sensory information, first type discovered, related to smell
2)Neocortex- new cortex, distinguishes mammals and how they think at a higher level- processing
3)Hippocampus- involved in memory, seahorse shape, basics of how to survive
where’s the hippocampus
-one Found in each temporal lobe
-Memory
-Only 3 layers
-simpler structure than other cortexes
whats The neocortex
-4 main sulcus you can see from the outside
-central sulcus splits frontal and parietal lobe
-occipital lobe isn’t a clear sulcus
-temporal lobe is on the lateral aspects of brain
-lateral sulcus- separates lateral lobe from frontal lobe
how many layers does the neocortex have
-6
-not cellular
-outer edge of brain- no cell bodies- molecular layer
-layer 1= molecular layer
-layer 2 = ext. granular layer
-layer 3 = ext. pyramidal layer (lots of pyramidal neurons )
-layer 4 = int. granular layer
-layer 5 = int. pyramidal layer
-layer 6 = fusiform layer
What does Wiegert-PAL highlights?
-myelin
Examples of variation in cytoarchitecture of the neocortex
-prefrontal association cortex
-primary motor cortex- large 3rd layer
-parietal association cortex
-primary visual cortex
how can you map the neocortex
-Brodmann’s cytoarchitectural map
-Using lesions or direct stimulation
what occurs during Mapping the cortex using non-invasive functional imaging
-Positron emission tomography (PET; as seen in the figure):
=seeing words-occipital lobe
=hearing words- temporal lobe
=speaking words- central sulcus, primary motor cortex (muscles in mouth to speak)
=generating words- temporal lobe for memory, frontal lobe for processing information
-Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
-Electroencephalography (EEG)- monitors electrical activity on brain using electrodes on a scale
what are the Areas of the neocortex – lateral view
-Primary sensory areas- initial information
-Secondary sensory areas- processing in more depth+ detail
-Motor areas
-Rest of cortex = association areas
what are the Areas of the neocortex – medial view
-The limbic lobe:
=Cortex of cingulate gyrus
=Cortex on medial aspect of temporal lobe
=Hippocampus
=not as structurally obvious
what are the Areas of the neocortex – hidden areas
-Functions range from sensorimotor processing to emotional regulation
-insula- hidden under other bits of the cortex and part of the limbic lobe
what does the basal forebrain contain
-basal ganglia- motor decision making, initiation of moving
-amygdala- fear regulation
what does white matter contain
-Commissural fibres
=Connect between hemispheres
-Projection fibres
=Link to non-cortical areas
-Association fibres
=Link areas within a hemisphere
what is an example of a structure through which a large amount of commissural fibres project
-Corpus callosum
whats the thalamus
-Diencephalon
-Over 50 nuclei
-Relay station
-Also more than a relay station!
-Connects to neocortex via projection fibres
wha†ß the hypothalamus
-11 major nuclei
-Master regulator of homeostasis
-lateral= Motivated behaviour
-periventricular - Links body to mind via ANS and pituitary -> pituitary
