the books Flashcards
1
Q
what is the significance of “I sing of arms and of the man“ in the first paragraph (and being the first line)
A
It clearly emulates Homeric reference with his Song
“Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns“ – the odyssey
“Sing, Goddess of the anger of peleus’ son, Achilles” – the Iliad
2
Q
What is the significance of “tell me Muse” in the first paragraph of book one
A
Virgil invokes the Muse, much later, with questions, compare to homers immediate invocation,
he calls upon muses at significant points of the poem
in Homer he invoked the muse in a way to make it seem they are telling the story Virgil does it in a way where he is more of a direct role, he created the story.
3
Q
Who is the first person mentioned in the poem and why is it significant?
A
juno is first person introduced
Maybe she is the most important, or the driving force behind the poem
Shows the strength of aeneas as he has to overcome the anger of Juno
4
Q
name three epithets for Aeneas
A
“Dutiful Aeneas“
“Trojan Aeneas”
“Father Aeneas”
5
Q
how does aeneas introduce himself in book one?
A
“I am Aeneas, known for my devotion”
6
Q
what was Ascanius’ role in book one?
A
Iulus (romanised version of his name to reference to Julii clan)
Cupid is sent in the form of ascanius and warms didos heart to Aeneas
7
Q
what foreshadowing do we get with Dido in book one?
A
She is said to be drinking in love with no restraint or moderation
We get the epithet “doomed Dido”
8
Q
what quote shows Juno’s loathing for Aeneas’ people in book 1
A
“Her loathing for the whole stock of Dardanus“
9
Q
What is the significance of the Homeric simile used in book one?
A
Neptune is shown calming the crowd
Chaos, being calmed by a powerful leader, someone respected who serves their people, and is a Bringer of peace likens to Augustus
Divi Filius
usually humans/gods are related to nature here it is nature related to humans
10
Q
why is Jupiters prophecy in book one significant?
A
The word fate is connected to the Latin word “speak” since the prophecy has been said, or pronounced by gods it is fate
11
Q
in Jupiters prophecy (book one) what does he say Aeneas will do?
A
- wage war against Italy, and crush its tribes
- iulus will rain for 30 years and create Alba longs (Where Romulus and Remus came from)
- birth of the twins in the she Wolf
- Juno’s anger will fade she’ll like the Romans
- Julius Caesar’s life was prophesied
- The closing of the gate
- Great places will be conquered by Rome, e.g. Argos
12
Q
give two quotes that create Pathos for Aeneas in book two
A
“No man could speak of such things and not weep”
“My mind recoiled in anguish when you asked”
“I shutter to remember”
“Sorrowed” “mourned” “horror” (semantic field of grief)
13
Q
give two examples of snake, imagery and deception in book two
A
- Snakes come from Tenedos where the Greeks are
- sinon echoes, Latin word for coils (sinus) comparing him to
- “Terror slithered into Trojan hearts”
- Snakes, escape to the citadel in the shrine of Minerva
- Horses, symbolic identity mirrors the snakes e.g. it slithered along
- blood fire and snake imagery, combine to bring out the horror of Troy’s destruction
14
Q
How is Pallas Athena presented in book two
A
- vicious, she sent serpents to kill Laocoon and his sons
- “Heartless Pallas”
- Shelter, serpents “under circle of her shield”
- “With the aid of the divine scale of Pallas Athene, they built a horse, the size of a mountain”
15
Q
what is the significance of Cassandra in book two
A
- an example of cruelty of gods
- she rejected the advances of Apollo. As a result, he gave her the gift of prophecy, but no one was ever going to believe her word.
- She knew the downfall of Troy, but no one would listen
16
Q
What quote shows the gods abandoning the mortals that trust them?
A
“All the gods, on whom this empire had once depended, have left their shrines and their alters”
17
Q
what are the gods seen doing in book two
A
Neptune is tearing up walls
juno is calling in Greek ships
athena, penetrating walls (helped make horse)
Jupiter, giving Greeks strength
18
Q
how does Venus help the Trojans in book two
A
protects Aeneas
Prevents murder of Helen/tall is aeneas to return to his family
“ it is the gods, the cruelty of the gods”
Shows Aeneas the cruelty of the gods
19
Q
what does Jupiter do in book two
A
send signs to Anchises to ensure he goes with Aeneas
It gives the Greeks strength
20
Q
what are two examples of omens/fate in book 3
A
- Apollo tells Aeneas to go to the land of his ancestors
- Plague strikes as they settle in the wrong place, forcing them to move again
- ## Harpes place a curse on Aeneas (they won’t reach Italy until hunger forces them to eat their tables)
21
Q
what quote shows the importance of father-son relationships at the end of book 3 (death of Anchises)
A
“I lost my father Anchises, who had been my support in every difficulty and disaster“
22
Q
what is the importance of father-son relationship in the Aeneid
A
- an example to Roman audience
- Makes Aeneas pious
- Create a character arc starts with a mentor and now has to lead him self
- shows Aeneas’ emotion creates, and has a character with feelings, allows audience to empathise with him
23
Q
what quotes is used to express didos love in book 4
A
“suffering from loves deadly wound”
“being consumed by its hidden fire”
“pierced her heart”
“love gave her body no peace or rest”
semantic field of violent/deadly/impending doom
24
Q
how is the simile of deer affective in book 4
A
impersonal , gives aeneas no part in the love, presented as a curse
dido presented as prey (doe not a stag) clear powerdynamic
25
how is dido presented via her horse in book 4
horse is dressed in “purple and gold” shows her richness that she can afford to dress up her horse
26
what quotes present dido as the rich queen of carthage
“a sidonian cloak with an embroidered hem”
“quiver was of gold”
“gold was the clasp that gathered up her hair”
“purple tunic fastened with a golden brooch”
27
what quote shows dido as respected and powerful in book 4
“a great entourage thronging around her”
28
why would dido being presented as rich and powerful be a red flag to romans
she’s too powerful as a women it’s wrong so clearly won’t last - hints at her downfall
MA indulged too much in non roman customs - draws a parallel between cleopatra and dido and the fall of antony
29
why is the homeric simile of aeneas compared to apollo significant
simile talks about apollo meeting his mother - accentuates familial duty and links him to apollo (therefore is likening him to augustus)
30
what is the significance of Dido being compared to a bacchant
To a Roman audience, Bacchus is band. It compares to Anthony and bacchanalia, where people are drunk hair down run around in a frenzy, chaotic, state, crazed.
31
what is significant about didos speech after being compared to a bacchant
she has many questions
Chaotic, jumping from point a point shows her State of mind
Lots of direct address, talking to the audience (as the Romans are rooting for Aeneas it really puts them in his shoes)
32
what happens in didos you traitor speech?
She is manic and lovesick, cursing the gods
33
What happens in Dido’s speech when she’s deceiving Anna
it is a moment of calm to deceive Anna, she’s compose, despite her State of mind
Lots of rhetorical questions, questioning, Aeneas, he’s not there
She never calls Aeneas by name, only traitor and enemy
34
what is significant about the start of Dido’s speech the plea to Jupiter
As the Sun comes up, she sees Trojan fleets leaving implying she’s been watching fleets until light enough to see
35
name five significant things that happen in the plea to Jupiter
- many rhetorical questions shows her anger/disbelief
- Moments of clarity between rage shows her complexity of mental state
- Lays blame on everyone
- Curses, the Trojans
- Praise that his descendants in her people never be (two Roman audience, the last, as Rome, defeated, Carthage)
36
give the two literary device is used in didos plea to Jupiter
Apostrophe – Direct address of God or ancestor
Illeism - 3rd person referral to herself
37
What is significant about Dido’s last words?
speaks with clarity
nothing left to say it is a short speech
Refers to anneas once “Trojan, that knows no pity”
Semantic field of nature/natural destruction
Only speech without rhetorical questions
38
what is the significance of Juno sending Isis down to free Dido?
Prosepinia hadn’t taken a lot of her hair showing she wasn’t meant to die yet
Emphasises Dido’s speech to Jupiter :
This better have been something Dustin by feats unavoidable, but in death, we see it was avoidable, and was only the coincidence of the storm
Gives Juno merciful attributes cares about those who worship her, which makes it reasonable for Romans later to worship her
39
give us a quote about Aeneas and his kingdom in destiny and explain how it parallels Mark Antony and Cleopatra
“Have you entirely forgotten your own kingdom in your own destiny“
Historical parallel to Mark, Antony and Cleopatra. It highlights in Mrs prioritising Rome, leaving the love interest et cetera shows what mark Anthony should’ve done
40
Give seven reasons from anneas speech to Dido as to why he is leaving
- Apollo commanded him
- The great land of Italy is his love and homeland
- Anchises is troubled
- Ascanius is being cheated of his kingdom
- it is what the fates have decreed
- Jupiter himself commanded, he leave
- “It is not by my own, will that I search for Italy” (last line)
41
give for attributes of Aeneas’s character in the book 5
– Pious – obeys Jupiter/Anchises
– Leader – pulled his mentor, sure and address system (leader with council echoes Roman ideals)
– Human – has struggled, and
– Father – epithet “father Aeneas”
42
Give three points about father-son relationships in book 5
– Cyclical – Ascarnuis is protecting Aeneas honour while Aeneas is protecting his fathers honour via funeral games
– Shows leadership qualities like his father
– Worships his father “my divine father”
43
what is the role of women in book 5
– Women set fire to ships victims to Juno’s wrath, weak willed
– Women don’t listen to advice contrast Aeneas, listening to advice
Nia is told to leave week behind, and he leaves women in mothers – power in balance in heather treated
44
What is the role of men/teens in brooke five
– Mentioned as immature and young to emphasise Aeneas is power/leadership skills
– We see the youth of them to make their deaths later on more tragic
45
give six examples of divine intervention in book 5
– Omen of arrow catching fire
– Jupiter protecting
– Jupiter, sends anchises to move Aeneas
– Neptune, calming of the sea (Venus begged him)
– Neptune saving Aeneas at Troy
– Snake at symbol of Apollo after Aeneas speaks
46
what is the significance of the funeral games?
– Celebration of life in between tragedy of Dido, and visit to underworld
– Get to know the characters before they die to add tragedy
– Allows men to practice for war
– Draws parallels to Augustus‘s funeral games for Caesar
– Drawers parallels to the Iliad (Achilles anger verse, Aeneas peace)
47
where do we see emotion in the daedalus relief (book 6)
through the direct address of his son - emphasises that both him and Aeneas lost immediate family
compares aeneas’ father who passed from old age to a life taken unfairly - shows aeneas is not at peace with his fathers death
48
what quote from the sybils appearance in book 6 shows hyperbole
“hundred broad shafts a hundred mouths from which streamed as many voices”
49
what technique is used to mirror the chaos of the moment when the sybil appears in book 6
a list, quickly and effectively describes her while creating a fast paced description that mirrors the chaos of the moment
50
what quote parallels the battle of latium to that of troy in book 6
“a second achilles is already born in latium”
although the trojans have become the greeks, settling in a land that isn’t there’s trying to take a city
is aeneas actually the second achilles? certainly see lots of wrath similar to achilles from him in this upcoming battle
51
what is the significance of aeneas going to the underworld
places him on the same level as hercules with his 7 “labours” aswell as odysseus and orpheus
52
what foreshadowing do we get from the sybil in book 6
she said getting in to the underworld is the easy part then goes on to explain how difficult it is to enter
53
why did virgil add the list of monsters when aeneas first enters the underworld in book 6
a list of monsters faced by great hero’s highlights aeneas’ heroism and puts him on a pedistal with these great hero’s
54
what can we note about aeneas and didos interaction in the underworld
stoicism is encouraged in rome so the fact aeneas can’t hide all his emotions and some slip out would suggest he is feeling a lot yet still is moving forward towards his fate - pious
55
who is deiphobus and what did aeneas do for him
some guy in the underworld from troy
aeneas gave him a proper burial even without his body
56
who does aeneas see in tartarus
people who have wronged the gods
people who commited adultry (lex iulia)
people who started civil wars
slaves who revolted (like in sparta)
57
what does elysium reflect
the golden age
58
what happens during anchises and aeneas reunion
he tries to hug his dad but his arms go right through him *SOB*
super emotional (link to stoicism- explain)
aeneas becomes the son and not the leader for a moment
59
give two examples of divine intervention in book 9
- juno sends iris to encourage turnus to attack in aeneas’ absence
- cybeles blessing of the trojan ships (significance of trojans journey)
60
what does turnus being compared to a river in book 9 show
his power and significance
not a italian river even tho he was here first
cant control a river - unstoppable force
61
what is the significance of turnus being compared to animals (e.g. lone wolf)
less civilised , foreshadowing his defeat
lone - him against trojans not latin vs trojans (less pious)
62
what rivers is turnus compared to in book 9
ganges and nile
even tho he’s lived next to tiber his whole life - shows he is foreign
63
where do we see turnus’ furur in book 9
“like a wolf” -animalistic, less civilised/controlled
“beside himself with anger he storms and rages” - likens to achilles (makes him great and powerful so his defeat is more impressive)
64
what does the quote “when the ships have done their duty when in due course they reach the end of their voyaging” show
the ships were apart of the fate of aeneas, built for the purpose of delivering him to rome and nothing else
65
what does ascanius’ quote “my whole life hangs upon the return of my father” show
shows his youth - reliant on his father
66
what does the quote “i shall look for no glory that is not shared with you” from book 9 show
ascanius has roman style leadership
inspiring but measured
67
what does the quote “bearing beyond his years a man’s load of cares” ahow (book 9)
ascanius is a leader , stepping up to his fathers role
a warrior headed into style to fight with and for his people
68
what does the quote “ascanius first shot i war the swift arrow” show (book 9)
he’s grown up and is no longer a kid who sends animals running ans misses his shot
69
what does ascanius do before going into battle in book 9
prays to jupiter
70
what is apollos prophecy in book 9 (links to augustus)
“you are born of the gods and will live to be the father of gods”
71
give 4 reasons why nisus and euyalus were defeated
-falling to their furur
-lack of experience
-young (acts as anti-war propaganda)
-youth associated with peace - peace being killed
72
what is the scene with nisus and euryalus like?
violent and graphic, full of furur
73
what quote shows nisus' furur through animal imagery
"nisus was like a lion driven mad with hunger and revening through pens full of sheep, dumb with fear while he growls from jaws dripping with blood"
74
what is the purpose of seeing euryalus' mom hearing about his death?
emotive, "their strength was broken" seeing her mourn her loss
75
how does euryalus' mom react to his death?
goes into the middle of battle and cries out to her dead so "crazed with grief" she asks to be killed by the war "throw all your spears at me!"
76
what does the quote "raging and storming and creating havoc" from book 9 show us about turnus
its quite homeric likening him to achilles (turnus' rage is mentioned alot)
77
which god is mentioned amongst turnus in book 9 an what does it show
mars- rutilians are a formidable enemy. gives battle more significance as the gods are involved (similar to at troy)
78
what is significant about the death of caieta at the start of book 7
she is aeneas' nurse, signifies a turning point. losing final link to his youth and to earlier books
79
what does the quote "sea shone in shimmering ways" show (book 7)
book 1 neptune angers sea against trojans but now they are in their fated land nature is on their side
80
what is significant about the first viewing of the tiber
super vivid - full of life
shown as great and abundant
creates a sense of hope
81
what is significant about virgils interjection in book 7
"this is the greater work i now set in motion"
emphasising whats to come
his epic is nothing compared to the future greatness of rome
82
what are the three prophecies we see in book 7 signifying lavinia will marry aeneas not turnus
-bees land on a laurel tree
-lavinias hair catches fire
-oracle of faunus prophecies she will marry a foreigner
83
what is interesting about the fulfilment of the eating tables cure
when it is fulfilled it is described as a prophecy from anchises not a curse from harpes
84
what are the 7 similarities between latins and carthaginians
-boys excerising (civilised)
-trojans recieved hospitably
-impressive buildings
-have a senate (people with laws)
-asked about trojans journey
-aeneas absent in original meeting
-seen preforming religious rights
85
what is junos epithet
fierce juno
86
what is allectos epithet
alecto bringer of grief
87
what shows the terrifying nature of alecto
her sisters (the other furies) that live in tartarus loathed her
88
what does snake imagery often result in
death
89
why is it significant that amata was described as being possessed by bacchus
shows her maddness, he was banned during augustan rome so it is othering, also links to MA
90
what three things does alecto do in book 7
-maddens amata via snake
-persuades turnus to fight with a 'burning torch'
-makes ascanius kill the special stag
91
why is it significant that the gates of temple janus were closed
gives cultural and historical significance to augustus closing the gates
92
how does the catalogue of the latins accentuate youth
the youth are ready for battle, makes it more forboding as theyre gonna die
93
how does the catalogue of the latins accentuate pietas
the moral message that mezentius who scorns the gods later loses his son
94
how does the catalogue of the latins accentuate furor
all descriptions focused on their individual glory
e.g aventius- son of hercules and messapus-son of neptune)
this is more homeric
95
how does the catalogue of the latins accentuate gender roles through camilla
shes still seen as a women, description of her is about her looks not her achievments (her beauty and chastity, she isnt married)
she brings to mind amazonians
96
what homeric technique is used when aeneas arrives in 'rome'
aetiology - someone else is giving him a tour of the landmarks rather than the narrator just telling us what aeneas is seeing
97
what 5 sights would a roman audience know in book 8
-argiletum
-tarpeian rock:famous cliff on capotilline hill
-janiculum:hill in rome
-forum:business centre
-ship-place:(carinae)fashionable suburbs
98
what diety does aeneas meet in book 8
personification of tiber
99
why is it significant aeneas talks to tiber
the land itself is welcoming him
shows importance of rome- its river is literally a god
100
what does the tiber tell aeneas to do
to fight for his home
to ally with the arcadians
to make offering to juno and overcome her anger
101
how is pallenteum described in book 8
(cite of futer rome)
surprised by weapans
shows its not used to war it is a place of peace
rome is naturally a city of peace
102
what is the significance of pellenteum (the land itself) being surprised by weapons
not used to war - this is a place of peace (future site of rome so rome is naturally peaceful)
103
give 3 reasons how evander and aeneas became friends
-aeneas held out an olive branch
-he mentions evander by name before being introduced
-evander was friends with anchises
104
what ring composition do we get in book 8
cacus and hercules
- their stroy gives significance to a major site in rome
- gives background to the religious rites we see
- shows that the peace we see is still able to be had despite past war/violence
105
what is the moral of the cacus and hercules anecdote
hurcules is blinded by rage (furor) and cant do what he needs to do
- shows roman ideal of stoicism over furor
106
how does venus get vulcan to make armour for aeneas
uses her beauty to manipulate him
107
why does vulcan obey venus to make aeneas armour
"bound to her by eternal love" he says she doesnt have to manipulate him - he loves her enough if she just asked he would do anything for her
108
what is the significance of aeneas' armour/shield being forged by vulcan
-shows gods are on his side
-credibility as an epic hero
-second achilles (who has hephaestus made armour)
109
what does evander describing how horrible mezentius allow to happen later
it absolves aeneas of wrongdoing when he kills lausus (his son)
110
what is the symbolism of aeneas' sheild
-the future of rome is carried on his shoulders , the war depends on him
-parallels him with anchises on his shoulder , both show his piety
-the future of rome protects him (literal plot armor)
111
name 3 things on aeneas' sheild
- augustus and agrippa in actium
- foudning myth of rome (romulus and remus)
- republic officer who single handedly defended rome from invasion on a bridge
- raoe of sabine women (founding myth)
- augustus triple triumph (dalmatia, actium, alexandrua)
- augustus triumph over MA in actium
112
what happens as aeneas returns in book 10
nymphs dance around him showing his divine favour
113
how does aeneas inspire and bring a new wave of hope and energy to his people
"raised a shout to heaven, fresh hope renewing their anger"
114
who does pallas call upon before battle
hercules
115
what does aeneas do likening him to patroclus
glints his armor as he heads to battle like patroclus flashes achilles armor - hes fulfilling his duty unlike achilles
116
what does aeneas do in battle that could be a potential dig at augustus
hes out front and presented as an honourable hero fighting with his men
- debate over whether augustus ever really faught in any of the battles he claims to have faught
117
what is significant about the description of aeneas' killing
quick, clinical and less graphic - doesnt want to show a hero creating graphic horrible scenes
118
what does the simile of the winds imply in book 10
-natural uncontrollable forces
-controlled by the gods, need gods to sway the even tides
-nature - battle is written into fate
119
what happens at pallas' death
turnus takes spoils and gloats
- hercules weeps
120
what is the first thing aeneas does after finding out pallas died
-captures 4 warriars to sacrifice on pallas' pyre - pious is first nature even in his furur
121
how is aeneas described in his reaction to pallas' death
- rage and mentions of his 'fury'
- "aeneas was like aegaean who they say had a hundred arms a hundred hands with fire flaming from his fifty breasts and mouths and fifty was the number of swords he drew against the lightning of jupiiter"
122
why does jupiter allow juno to protect turnus
he sees that venus has been protecting aeneas
- he says hiding turnus wont effect the battle
123
how is mezentius described in battle
like a boar caught in a net everyone stands back to throw spears and shout - too afraid to go near
124
how is pathos created for mezentius and lausus
- see mezentius' love for his son and his horse
- aeneas' rage breaks and he himself feels pity for the boy he killed
-virgil goes into M's grief (the only enemy gried we see)
125
what is significant about the divine intervention in the battle
equal gods on both sides - doesnt undermine aeneas' power or skill
- adds significance to the battle
126
what is the significance of aeneas saying "is this how we return from war? are these the triumphs expected of us" 11.53
- burdened by the deaths happening under him/by him
- how can there be triumph when theyve lost so much
- no sense of accomplishment (anti war propaganda?)
127
what quote described pallas' death as a flower
there he lay like a flower cut by the thubnail of a young girl a soft violent or drooping lily still with its sheen and its shape though mother earth no longer feeds it"
-young and full of life
-the ease at which he was killed
-death was recent there is still a look of life
128
what quote likens lavinia to helen and possibly cleopatra (women who 'caused' wars)
with her went the maiden lavinia, the cause of all this suffering, her lovely eyes down cast
129
what interjection from diana warns of camillas fate
she has put on our armour and it will avail her to nothing
130
what could camillas death be a symbol for
-victim of fate
-sacrifice
-virgils personal condemnation of war
-a women with power = unnatural so taking her out of the equation
131
what quote shows camilla as a formidable warrior fighting even in retreat
whenever she was f o r c e d to retreat she turned her bow and aimed her arrows while still in fight
132
how did camilla die
killed by arrun, surrounded by her people so had her guard down, hit from behind
133
what does diana's sentinal do after camillas death
vows it will not be forgotten,
-shoots arrun with an arrow and leaves him groaning all alone to die
134
how does evanders lamentation evoke pathos
-his wish that he could take his sons place
-(contemp audience) augustus lost his grandsons on battlefield - many others probs lost family too
135
what is interesting about camillas link to diana
diana is a significant god for the trojans - shows camilla is not a natural enemy of the trojans but an unjust death
136
how is aeneas described in book 12 linking to cosmic imagery and his divine heritage
with his divine armour blazing and his shield like a star
137
how is turnus described in book 12 that combines 2 enemies of aeneas'
like a lion in the fields around carthage
138
what is interesting about the quote from book 12 "reassured his allies and comforted iulus"
-aeneas' dutiful and a good leader
-switches ascanius' name to the roman version presenting him as an ideal roman leader now
139
what does aeneas praying to juno in the final book do
-shows his piety
-reassures juno he will worship her
-explains why rome is very pro juno despite her role in their history
140
how does turnus die
-gods weaken him with fear, aeneas spears his leg, aeneas debates mercy but sees the armour of pallas around turnus' waist and ends his life in rage claiming it is justice for pallas
141
what is aeneas killing turnus similar to
augustus killing the conspirators
-both deaths for justice over someone they loved
142
what quote in the last scene shows aeneas and turnus as equally savage
just as two enemy bulls
143
what does this quote show: "a hunting dog that happens to trap a stag in the bend of a river"
-aeneas = the hunting dog which has a master, the gods? controlled by fate?
144
what shows turnus is more pious than aeneas in the last scene
turnus prays to faunus and mother earth asking for aid by keeping aeneas' spear trapped in atree
-argues his devotion and the fact that aeneas cut down the sacred tree to make room for war
145
what is the dilema at the end for aeneas
-either doesnt kill turnus and doesnt avenge pallas/keep his friendship with evander
-or gives into his furur and kills turnus making him not the perfect pious hero hes meant to be
146
What is interesting about Carthage compared to bees
In Elysian the men (the best of the best) are described “like bees in a meadow on a clear summer day”
