The Book Flashcards
blind spot
- the area behind you that you’re unable to see in mirror
- an area not visible to the driver
why do you stay well back of large vehicles?
- so the driver can see you in their mirror
- if you can’t see the mirrors, they can’t see you
- you can see past them on either side
give way
junction ahead
circles
give orders
triangles
give warnings
rectangles
give information
when turning right onto a dual carriageway
- check the central reservation is wide enough to stop in, incase you have to wait before joining traffic
- if there isn’t, only emerge when it’s clear both to your right and left
dual carriageway
a road that has a central reservation to separate carriageways
central reservation
an area of land that separates opposing lanes of traffic
at 60mph, your vehicle will travel
27m in one second
what should you do before making a u-turn?
look over your shoulder for a final check
what should you do as you approach a bridge?
slow down
if there is no footpath
be aware of pedestrians on the road
when should you avoid overtaking?
approaching a dip in the road
a curved arrow on the road might mean
- overtaking traffic should move in that direction
- the route that high vehicles should take under a low bridge
yellow line purpose
to make you aware of your speed
what should you do before stopping?
use the mirrors
use mirrors when you see a hazard ahead to…
… assess how your actions will affect the following traffic
when your waiting to turn but your view is obstructed…
… stop and then move forward slowly and carefully for a clear view
when turning you don’t want…
… to cause other road uses to change speed or direction as you emerge
lights purpose
so others can see you more clearly; increases your visibility
stopping in an emergency
keep both hands on the wheel
what should you do when moving off from behind a parked car
check both interior and exterior mirrors
why do cyclists need extra room?
in case they wobble or swerve around a pothole or raised drain
in narrow roads, be aware of…
… entrances to fields where tractors and other farm machinery could be waiting to pull out
you lose your way on a busy road, what’s the best action to take?
turn into a side road, stop and check a map
when do windscreen mirrors cause a serious obstruction to your view?
- when you’re approaching bends and junctions
- when you’re view is obstructed by windscreen mirrors, be especially careful of motorcyclists
when reversing you might need to…
… ask someone to guide you
why are phones hazardous?
people won’t stop speaking to you, even when you’re approaching a hazard; it diverts your attention
how to use satellite navigation without distracting yourself
stop in a safe place before programming the system
always check the info on your medication
might cause drowsiness
when feeling drowsy, how do you make yourself stay alert in the short term
open the window
large vehicles overtaking you
require more time to pass; slow down
at night
- dip your lights when you’re following or meeting another vehicle; don’t want to dazzle other drivers
- if you’re queueing, use your handbrake rather than your foot, as the brake lights could dazzle the drivers behind you
only flash your headlights to
- show other road users you are there
- not for priority, impatience or greetings
if the road is blocked by animals…
… stop and switch off your engine until the road is clear
tailgating
- driving too closely behind another vehicle
- intimidating and distracting for the user in front
- very dangerous; stopping suddenly creates hazards
- you can see less of the road ahead
- often the cause of rear-end collisions and multiple pile-ups
safety margin of
- 2m
- larger with larger vehicles, because they need more room to manoeuvre
If the road user behind is following too closely
- gradually slow down to increase the gap between you and the vehicle in front
- reduces the chances you’ll have to stop suddenly; allows you to spread your breaking over a greater distance
- defensive driving
giving priority to emergency vehicles
- pull over as soon as it is safe
- check that there are no bollards or obstructions in the road that will prevent it from passing
emergency services =
blue flashing light
doctor’s vehicles =
green flashing light
give priority to:
buses that are pulling out from bus stops, as long as you can do so safely
at unmarked crossroads
no-one has priority
don’t encourage pedestrians to cross by waving or flashing at them with the headlights
there may be another vehicle coming
zebra crossing
pedestrian crossing
pelican crossing
if the amber light is flashing, give way to pedestrians already crossing
puffin crossing
- electronically controlled
- sensors ensure that the red light shows until the pedestrian has safely crossed the road
- steady amber (rather than flashing)
toucan crossing
allow cyclists to cross at the same time as pedestrians
staying well back
gives you more time to react
minimum time gap following a vehicle on a wet road
4 seconds
who should obey the diamond-shaped traffic signs?
tram drivers
on a road where trams operate, which vehicle is most at risk from the tram rails?
cycles
tram rails are sometimes
- slippery
- can cause vehicles to become stuck
using the horn
- only to alert others of your presence
- mustn’t be used between 11.30pm to 7am in built-up area, or when you’re stationary
why do we take up the correct position early?
to help other road users know what you intend to do
if a vehicle is flashing its headlights, that may mean it is trying to
overtake
what to do when approaching unmarked crossroads
- slow down and look both ways
- growing foliage may obscure your view
if a bus lane shows no times of operation, what does this mean?
the lane is in operation 24 hours a day
horses can be startled by
the sound of a car engine or the rush of air caused by a vehicle passing too closely
to avoid a horse
you may have to use the other side of the road
if you’re driving a slow-moving vehicle on a narrow, winding road, what should you do?
pull in when safe, to let following vehicles overtake
what does a loose filler cap on your diesel fuel tank cause?
- can make the road slippery for others (especially if it is wet)
- most likely to occur on bends, junctions and at roundabouts
- called ‘diesel spillage’
what style of driving causes increased risk to everyone?
competitive
defensive driving
questioning the actions of other road users, being prepared for the unexpected
remember that an efficient engine
is kinder to the environment
what do you want to keep to a minimum?
exhaust emissions
what must you check are always working properly?
- lights
- brakes
- steering
- the exhaust system
- seat belts
- horn
- speedometer
- wipers
- washers
the tread on car and trailer tyres must be at least
1.6mm deep across the central 3/4 of the breadth of the tyre and around the entire circumference
it’s illegal to drive with tyres that have
cuts or defects in the side walls
dry steering
- when you turn the steering wheel while the car isn’t moving
- can cause unnecessary wear to the tyres and the steering mechanism
to check the conditions of the shock absorbers
‘bounce’ the vehicle; push down hard over each wheel: there should be no more than one rebound when released
what is most important for a mechanic to check regularly?
brakes and steering
anti-lock braking system (ABS)
- should go out when the car’s travelling at 5-10mph
‘brake fade’
- when the brakes become less effective because of overheating
- may happen if you use them continuously (long, steep, downhill)
- use a lower gear to help control speed
balancing
- making sure that the wheels and tyres are adjusted to minimise any vibrations in the vehicle
- the wheels may need balancing if the steering vibrates
brakes may need adjusting if
the vehicle pulls to one side when braking
the driver is responsible for
making sure that children under 14 wear a suitable restraint
who must wear a seatbelt, unless exempt?
adults, children aged 12 or over, and children over 1.35m
children aged from 3 to 12, or less than 1.35m tall
must use a suitable child restraint or adult seat belt
children younger than 3
- must use a suitable child seat
- never fit a rear-facing baby seat in a seat protected by an active airbag
- the airbag must be deactivated first
adjust the head restraint to
help prevent neck injury in a collision
convex mirrors
give a wider view but can make vehicles look further away than they are
when leaving your car on a two-way road at night
- park in the direction of the traffic
- if the speed limit is more than 30mph, switch on your parking lights
hazard warning lights
- warning other road users of a hazard ahead
- e.g. if you’ve broken down
- e.g. queueing traffic on a dual carriageway or motorway
don’t leave the …… in the car
vehicle registration documents
at night, park in a
well-lit area
have a ……. etched onto windows
vehicle registration number
install a ……. to deter thieves
security-coded stereo
you must not leave your vehicle unattended with
the engine running
do not park over a
dropped curb, as this is where wheelchair and mobility scooter users get onto the road or pavement
do not stop or park at the
zigzag lines at a pedestrian crossing; blocks visibility
ecosafety - actives:
- reduce your speed
- avoid rapid acceleration and heavy braking
- use selective gear changing (reduce the amount of time you’re accelerating)
- regular services and tunings
- make sure tyres are correctly inflated
- keep engine revs low
when does your vehicle use the most fuel?
when accelerating
ecosafety - avoids:
- carrying unnecessary loads or leaving an empty roof rack on your car
- over-revving the engine in lower gears
- leaving the engine running unnecessarily
if your vehicle is stationary, and likely to remain so for some time
switch off the engine
‘kickdown’
- a mechanism in automatic cars that gives quick acceleration when needed (e.g. in overtaking)
- excessive use will burn more fuel
- selects a lower gear
keep your car in good condition (serviced regularly) to
- maintain fuel economy
- reduce exhaust emissions
emissions test for MOT
starts after 3 year
vehicle tax
depends on amount of carbon dioxide emitted
disposing of old engine oil and batteries
- take to local-authority site or garage
- battery acid!
- don’t pour into drain
plan an alternative route incase
your original route is blocked
congestion charge
using congested road space
what is badly affected if the tyres are under-inflated?
braking
correct tyre pressures help reduce the risk of
skidding
don’t rev your engine
unnecessarily
driving slowly in traffic
- increases fuel consumption
- causes a build-up of exhaust fumes
humps, chicanes and narrowing
help to reduce traffic speed
traffic calming measures
help to keep vehicle speeds low in congested areas where there are pedestrians and children
catalytic converters
- reduce harmful exhaust gases
- work more efficiently when the engine has reached its normal working temperature
- found on the exhaust system
when checking tyre pressure
tyres must be cold
under-inflated tyres
- cause increased fuel consumption
- more ‘rolling resistance’
- can affect steering
what do you use to top up the fluid level in your battery, and where do you fill it to?
distilled water; to just above the cell plates
some modern batteries are
maintenance-free
when engines are cold they
use more fuel and emit more
what causes excessive or uneven tyre wear?
- faulty braking system
- faults in the suspension
remember that different maps have
different scales
why is it important to be relaxed when driving?
you can concentrate solely on what you’re doing
If your original route is mostly on motorways
- it’s a good idea to plan an alternative using non-motorway roads
- always carry a map with you just in case you need to refer to it
if brake fluid level gets low
- you could crash!
- if it drops below the minimum mark on the fluid reservoir, air could enter the hydraulic system; loss of braking efficiency or brake failure
as the brake pads or shoes wear down
the brake fluid level will drop
what should you do if your ABS warning light stays on
have the brakes checked immediately
if your headrests are positioned too low
it could cause damage to the neck in a crash
worn shock absorbers cause
bouncing when you press down on one of the wings
roof racks increase
- wind resistance
- can be reduced through an aerodynamically designed roof rack
what does the law require you to keep in good condition?
seat belts
what will happen if your car’s wheels are unbalanced?
the steering will vibrate
when there are road humps
reduce speed throughout the road
always check the engine oil level
before a long journey
always try to park
in a secure car park
prevent your radio being stolen by
installing a security-coded radio
what helps you keep your car secure?
vehicle watch scheme
what does ecosafe driving achieve?
improved road safety
what can happen if you have too much oil in your engine?
- oil leaks - excess pressure damages engine seals
- drain it off
gaps
- dry conditions = 2s
- wet conditions = 4s
- icy conditions = 20s
aquaplaning
- when the tyres lift off the road surface and skate on a film of water
- the steering becomes light
- caused by water collecting on the road surface due to heavy rainfall
what to do if aquaplaning occurs
- ease off the accelerator
- don’t brake until your steering feels normal again
if you’ve driven through deep water
test you brakes
dry out your brakes by
pressing lightly on the brake pedal as you drive
if it very hot
- the road surface can become soft
- affects braking and steering
bright sunlight
- can dazzle
- other drivers might not see indicators (may have to give arm signal)
before setting out in freezing conditions
clear ice and snow from windows, lights, mirrors and number plates
when driving in freezing conditions
- reduce speed
- brake gently in plenty of time
- be prepared to stop and clean your windscreen by hand if the wipers can’t keep the windscreen clear
foggy
- reduces visibility
- allow more time for journey
- slow down (can’t see so far ahead)
- increase the gap
- use dipped headlights, even in daylight
fog lights
- if visibility <100m
- switch them off when fog lifts
windy
- high winds can blow you off course
- allow extra room to the side
- check left side as you pass other vehicles
wind has a greater effect on
- high-sided vehicles
- trailers and caravans
- motorcyclists and cyclists
skidding
- when tyres lose grip on the road
- steering becomes light
- caused by how the driver controls acceleration, braking, speed and steering
- increased risk associated with bad road and tyre conditions, wet or icy conditions
reducing the risk of skidding
- low speed (slow down gradually, avoid sudden steering)
- at highest gear you can use effectively
- anti-skid technology (anti-skid system)
anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
- prevents skidding caused by excessive braking
- wheel speed sensors anticipate when a wheel is about to lock, which could lead to skidding
- can keep steering while braking
- wheels are prevented from locking
- doesn’t reduce stopping distance
if you have to brake suddenly while driving a vehicle with ABS
- press footbrake quickly and firmly
- don’t release brake pedal until vehicle has stopped
ABS might not work well if there is
- surface road water
- loose road surface (e.g. gravel)
anti-skid technology
electronic stability functions
electronic stability control (electronic stability programme)
- computer-controlled system; combines the functions of ABS and traction control
- detects loss of traction; automatically makes corrective adjustments to prevent loss of control
- indicator lamp alerts driver when the car is close to its handling limits
contraflow systems
when one or more lanes have a direction of traffic against that of the rest of the carriageway
when you enter a contraflow system, you should
- reduce speed in good time
- choose suitable lane in good time
- keep safe gap
mirrors, signal, manoeuvre…
… position, speed, look
in icy conditions,
tyre grip is reduced
you take up a position opposite to the direction of your turn to
improve view of the road
water on the brakes can act as a
lubricant, reducing efficiency
soft road surfaces affect
tyre grip; corners and braking
what is average stopping distance in good, dry conditions
53m
at 60mph dry conditions, stopping distance =
73m
at 70mph dry conditions, stopping distance =
96m
at 40mph dry conditions, stopping distance =
53m
stopping distance is affected by:
- type, model and condition of vehicle
- road and weather conditions
- reaction time
50mph, good conditions. braking distance =
38m
50mph, good conditions; thinking distance =
15m
dangers of a contraflow:
- travelling close to oncoming traffic
- narrow lanes
factors increasing likelihood of skid:
- condition of the vehicle (tyres!)
- road condition
- weather conditions
to correct a skid
steer into it carefully (don’t overcorrect!)
torque
- turning force
- increased by starting off in a low gear in the snow
- increase means tyres lose grip easier, and wheels spin
to move off in the snow
use a higher gear than normal
benefit of four-wheel drive
improved grip
chock
- prevents any forward movement
- can leave your car in gear while parking on a hill
when parking your vehicle facing downhill
turn the steering wheel towards the curb
if you have anti-lock brakes, how do you apply the footbrake in an emergency
rapidly and firmly
if in doubt over time gaps
chose 2 seconds
coasting
- travelling for long distances in neutral (or with the clutch down)
- the engine can’t drive the wheels or stabilise you though a corner
- no engine braking
- reduces control
slow moving vehicles have
amber lights
categories of hazard
- static (parked cars, junctions or roundabouts)
- moving (pedestrians, cyclists or drivers)
- road and weather conditions
- you! (alertness, fitness)
static hazards
- bends
- junctions
- roundabouts
- parked vehicles and obstructions in the road
- roadworks
- road surfaces
- different types of crossings
- traffic lights
At level crossings with traffic light signals:
you MUST stop before the barrier when the red lights are flashing, even if the barrier isn’t yet down
potential hazards: parked vehicles
- children running
- vehicle doors opening
- vehicles moving away
potential hazards: junctions
- reduced view
- look for reflections in windows
- don’t block them!
- beware closed lanes
At a traffic-light-controlled junction where the lights aren’t working:
- treat it as an unmarked junction
- be prepared to stop
- may be police officers controlling traffic in these circumstances – make sure that you know and understand their signals.
slow-moving or stationary vehicles with a large arrow displayed on the back show
where you need to change lanes when approaching roadworks
when travelling in slow traffic, before you turn left…
check for cyclists filtering through the traffic on your left
watch out for motorcyclists when:
- emerging from a junction
- turning into a road on your right
- changing lanes or moving out to overtake
at some bridges, high vehicles may need to
use the centre of the road to be able to pass underneath
at bus stops
- pedestrians may cross the road
- it may be about to move off
school buses
may stop in places other than bus stops
large goods vehicles over 13m long
have red and yellow markings at the back
when turning right, don’t forget to
check your right for overtaking vehicles before making the turn
powered vehicles for the disabled
are extremely vulnerable because they are difficult to see, and travel slowly
help your awareness by
using your mirrors
alcohol can:
- reduce your concentration, coordination and control
- give you a false sense of confidence
- reduce your judgement of speed
- slow down your reactions
illegal drugs can have an effect for
72hrs
tinted glasses
- can restrict your vision
- must not be worn at night
black rectangular sign with white triangular arrows facing left (or right)
sharp turn left (or right)
one yellow light signals a
school crossing patrol
when the amber light comes on at the level crossing
you have to stop
never overtake near a
junction
as you approach a bus stop
look to see how many passengers are waiting to board
some two-way roads are divided into three, allowing
drivers from both direction to use the middle lane to overtake
an amber flashing light on a vehicle means that it is
slow-moving
a policeman making an L with their arms means
stop
a solid white line at the side of the road indicates
- the edge of the carriageway
- especially useful when visibility is restricted
staggered junctions
- traffic could be turning off or pulling out ahead of you, to the left or right
- be aware of vehicles slowing down/stopping
in a one-way street, it is illegal to
reverse or turn around
it is okay to sound your horn if
another driver is reversing (for example, out of a driveway), where you have priority, and they haven’t seen you
tinted glasses
reduce the efficiency of your vision by reducing the amount of light reaching your eyes
if your vision has become very poor but your optician can’t help you, who must you tell? The same applies for ill health.
The driver licensing authority (DVLA)
when driving in the rain…
be aware of spray reducing your vision
you should never stop on the hard shoulder
for rest
if a policeman is directing you with one hand up in the air
stop until signalled to go on
you can use bus lanes
never!
factors increasing vulnerability:
- inexperience or lack of judgement
- size
- speed
- unpredictable behaviour
pedestrians are vulnerable because they
- move slower
- no protection in collision
remember that there might not always be
a pavement, or it might be closed for repairs
large groups should have
- a person at the front with a white light
- a person at the back with a red light
pedestrians crossing a side road when you’re turning in
have priority - don’t run them over!!!
signs someone might be about to cross between parked cars:
- seeing their feet when looking between the wheels of the parked cars
- a ball bouncing out into the road
- a bicycle wheel sticking out between cars
children are vulnerable
because they’re unpredictable - less likely to look before stepping into the road
if there are flashing amber lights under a school warning
children are likely to be crossing
a school crossing patrol
might stop the traffic by stepping out into the road with a stop sign
yellow zigzag lines outside a school
don’t wait or park there; a clear view is needed by road users and pedestrians
vulnerable people might
misjudge your speed, need extra time to cross the road
a person with hearing difficulties might have:
a dog with a distinctive yellow or burgundy coat
a person carrying a white stuck with a red band
is both deaf and blind - they might also have a guide dog with a red and white checked harness
cyclists should normally
follow the same rulers of thread as drivers; slower speed and lack of protection means vulnerability
a cyclist travelling at low speed, or glancing over their shoulder to check for traffic
may be planning to turn right
never overtake a slow-moving vehicle when
you’re just about to turn left
at a roundabout, cyclists (and horseriders) may decide
to stay in the left-hand lane no matter their exit
motorcyclists
fast moving; vulnerable in collisions
street furniture
objects and pieces of equipment on roads and pavements; for example, street lights and signs, bus stops, benches, bollards, etc.
before you turn right, always check for
other traffic, especially motorcyclists, who may be overtaking
when you’re moving in queues of traffic, be aware that motorcyclists may:
- filter between lanes
- cut in just in front of you
- pass very close to you
to increase visibility, motorcyclists often use
dipped headlights, even if the day
if you have been in an accident with a motorcyclist
don’t remove their helmet unless essential
a flashing amber beacon on top of a vehicle means
it is a slow-moving vehicle
main causes of incidents in young drivers:
- over-confidence
- lack of experience
- poor judgement
damn
sign for people walking on the road
a larger man on the right holding hands with a child on the left in a red triangle
why should you look particularly for motorcyclists and cyclists at junctions?
they’re harder to see; can be hidden by obstructions
why do motorcyclists look over their shoulder before turning?
to check their blind spot
a blue rectangle with a white bicycle and white line to the right means
a with-flow cycle lane (usually, a picture of the cycle will also be painted on the road, and sometimes the lane will have a different coloured surface)
a red triangle with a black bicycle in it signals
cycle route ahead
advances stop lines
a marked area between two stop lines
organised walks
- should keep to the left
- they might have their backs to you, and be unaware of your presence
if you want to reverse into a side road but you are unsure if it is clear
get out and check (you might not be able to see children in the rear-view mirror)
the flashing amber light at a pelican crossing allows
pedestrians already crossing to finish
if you are dazzled by a vehicle behind you at night
set your mirror to the anti-dazzle position
even if there are signs for a school, if there are no speed limit signs then the limit is
30mph
what are particularly hazardous to two-wheeled vehicles?
metal drain covers in wet weather
if a large vehicle is coming up a hill that you’re driving down, and it has to pull out to avoid a parked car
slow down and give way if possible; it’s much easier for you to stop and start again
give large vehicles plenty of room at
- road junctions
- crossroads
- mini-roundabouts
to get around a corner, long vehicles
may need to move in the opposite direction to the one they’re indicating
if you’re waiting to turn left from a minor road and a large vehicle is approaching from the right
it may seem like there’s time to turn, but there could be an overtaking vehicle hidden from view
trams are particularly dangerous because they
- are very quiet
- move quickly
- can’t steer to avoid you
white line signals at traffic lights are for
tram drivers
maximum speed of invalid carriages (3rd class)
- 8mph
- can be used on up to 50mph dual carriageways (with an amber flashing light)
maximum speed of invalid carriages (2nd class)
- 4mph
- used on pavements
a red triangle sign with a black flag appearing to blow in wind signifies
take extra care on overtaking slow-moving cyclists
overtaking time depends on
relative speeds
when towing a caravan, use
extended-arm side mirrors as rear-view mirrors
what is the national motorway speed limit for a vehicle with a caravan
60mph
going through fords
- there may be a depth gauge to help you decide if you should go through
- use a low gear
- go through slowly
never use fog lights unless visibility is <100m because:
- they can dazzle other road users
- road users behind you won’t be able to see your clearly, so they may not react in time to stop safely
- road users behind you may mistake your fog lights for brake lights and slow unnecessarily
reflective studs
help you see the motorway ahead when driving in fog
red studs mark the
left-hand edge of the carriageway
amber studs mark the
central reservation
if you’re parking on the road in foggy conditions
leave the parking lights on
before driving in snow, check:
- your lights are working
- your windows are clean
in deep snow, it’s a good idea to…
fit chains to your wheels to help grip and prevent skidding
reduce risk of skidding by
using the highest gear possible
high-sided, towing vehicles and cyclists are more affected when
- passing a large vehicle
- passing gaps between buildings or hedges
- on exposed roads
use sidelights if
you’ve broken down and are parked on the hard shoulder
engine braking
using the engine’s resistance to help slow the vehicle
when going up or down hills, choose a …… gear
lower
On single-track roads
- be aware of the limited space available
- if you see a vehicle coming towards you, pull into (or opposite) a passing place.
if you don’t have anti-lock brakes and your vehicle begins to skid when you’re braking on a wet road
- release the footbrake
- if the rear wheels begin to skid, steer into the skid
rumble devices
- raised markings across the road
- used to warn you of a hazard (e.g roundabout)
- encourages you to lower speed
- give audible, visual and tactile warning
- used in the line separating the hard shoulder and the left-hand lane on the motorway
where trams operate
areas have different surface texture or colour, edged with white line markings
if it rains after a long, dry, hot spell, the road surface can become unusually
- slippery
- loose clippings can increase the risk of skidding
when can you overtake a vehicle on its left?
on a one-way street
box junctions
- keep the junction clear by preventing vehicles from stopping in the path of crossing traffic
- you must not enter them if the exit is not clear
- can enter the box if you want to turn right, but are prevented by oncoming traffic
red triangle sign with a speed bump on it
- humps for 1/2 mile
- found in places with lots of pedestrians (shopping, schools, residential areas)
white reflective studs
- appear between lanes on a motorway
- help in poor visibility (fog)
green reflective studs
between the carriageway and slip roads
raised yellow horizontal lines across a road are there to
- make you aware of your speed
- near roundabouts, villages and hazards
reserved area
the section of the road used by trams
on single-track roads it can be
difficult to see around bends, because of hedges or fences
why do cyclists avoid surface hazards?
they might be slippery
ford
a crossing over a stream that’s shallow enough to drive or ride through
why do we keep well back when driving in fog?
in case the vehicle in front stops suddenly
chains on your wheels allow
- moving off without wheelspin
- keeping moving in deep snow
driving on a well-lit motorway on a clear night
use your headlights
when may you switch off your headlights when driving on a motorway at night
- when your vehicle is broken down on the hard shoulder
- keep your sidelights on
when can you overtake a stationary vehicle?
when the road ahead is clear
what information would a rumble device provide to help you?
a reminder to make you aware of your speed
driving at high speeds for long periods of time may increase the risk of your vehicle
breaking down
which vehicles cannot be used on the motorway?
- pedestrians
- horse riders
- bicycles
- motorcycles under 50cc
- most powered wheelchairs
- agricultural vehicles
- some slow-moving vehicles
when you join the motorway
- use the slip road o adjust your speed to match the traffic already there
- give way to the traffic already there
use the middle and right-hand lanes only for
overtaking; then return to the left-hand lane
you should only normally overtake on the
right
you may overtake on the left if
traffic is moving slowly in queues and the queue on your right is moving more slowly than the one you’re in
where the motorway goes uphill steeply…
there may be a separate lane for slow-moving vehicles, helping the faster-moving traffic flow more easily
if you’re travelling in the left-hand lane and traffic is joining from a slip road
move to another lane if you’re able to do so safely; helps traffic flow, especially at peak times
countdown markers on the left-hand merge show
that you’re approaching the next exit
if you want to leave the motorway
get into the left-hand lane in plenty of time
national speed limit for cars and motorcycles on a motorway
- 70mph
- applies to all lanes
a vehicle towing a trailer on a motorway
is not allowed to use the right-hand lane if there are three or more lanes, unless there are lane closures (or in Northern Ireland, they shouldn’t use the right-hand lane of a three-lane one)
if using hazard lights on a motorway
switch them off when the proceeding drivers have reacted
when you’re approaching roadworks
watch for lower speed limits (especially if there’s a contraflow system)
active traffic management (ATM) or ‘smart motorways’
try to reduce congestion and make journey times more reliable
mandatory speed limit signs
- on the gantries are used on smart motorways
- if speed is constant, traffic is less likely to bunch; journey times are improved
mandatory speed limit
the maximum speed at which you may travel
in ATM areas, the hard shoulder
- is sometimes used as a normal traffic lane
- a speed limit sign will be shown above it
a red cross above the hard shoulder
- you shouldn’t travel in this lane
- only for use in emergency or breakdown
traffic officers
- cover motorways and some A roads
- can stop and direct anyone
- respond to calls made on road-side emergency telephones
only stop on the motorway
- if flashing red lights show above every lane
- when told to do so by the police or DVSA officers or traffic officers
- in a traffic jam
- in an emergency or breakdown
move of if
the signals on the overhead gantries advise you to do so
emergency telephones
- at one mile intervals
- marker posts at 100m intervals point you in the direction of the nearest phone
- they are connected directly to a control centre, where the operator will take your call and direct the appropriate services to help you
when you’re using an emergency phone
stand facing the oncoming traffic (see hazards approaching)
if you are on the hard shoulder in an emergency and are using your mobile phone
- make note of your location (the number on the nearest marker post) before you make the call
- give this info to the emergency services
if you have parked on the hard shoulder:
- switch on your hazard lights to warn other drivers that you’ve broken down
- switch on the sidelights at night or if visibility is poor
- don’t open the offside doors; leave by the nearside doors
- wait on the embankment near your vehicle, but away from the hard shoulder, in case another vehicle crashes into yours
offside doors
those nearest the carriageway
nearside doors
away from the traffic
when you’re ready to return to the carriageway
- wait for a safe gap in the traffic
- then drive along the hard shoulder to gain speed
- the move out into the main carriageway
if you can’t get onto the hard shoulder when you break down
- switch on your hazard warning lights
- leave your vehicle only when you can get off the carriageway safely
why is a vehicle towing a trailer not allowed in the right lane?
it’s speed limit is 60mph; it may hold up the fast-moving traffic using the right-lane to overtake
why is it better to use an emergency roadside telephone rather than your mobile phone?
it allows easy location by the emergency services
crawler (climbing lane)
the name of the separate lane given to large, slow-moving vehicles that can hinder the process of other traffic at steep gradients
dark blue rectangles with decreasing numbers of white diagonal lines
- countdown markers to the next exit of the motorway
- positioned 90m apart; the first is 270m from the slip road
where is the central reservation on a motorway?
to the right of the right lane (after the amber studs)
reflective studs reflect
light back from your headlights (especially useful in bad weather, when visibility is restricted)
which direction should you walk in if you’ve broken down on the hard shoulder?
the one shown by the marker posts
at roadworks, especially where a contraflow system is operating
- a speed restriction is likely to be in place
- don’t switch lanes
- keep a good gap
- there will be no permanent barrier between you and the oncoming traffic
bright green/yellow reflective studs
at road-works and contraflow systems
double deck buses
are allowed to use the motorway
on a motorway
look much further ahead; traffic is moving faster
you must stop on the motorway if
overhead gantry signs show flashing red lights above every lane
emergency refuge area
- on a motorway, used in case of emergency or breakdown
- built at these of the hard shoulder
- there is an emergency telephone
how are traffic officers recognised?
- orange-and-yellow jacket
- vehicle has yellow-and-black markings
smart motorways use variable
speed limits
what should you check before a journey that will involve motorway travel?
oil, water and tyres
temporary reflective studs used for when a central reservation is coned off
green and yellow
national speed limits for cars and motorcycles on a single carriageway
60mph
national speed limits for cars and motorcycles on a dual carriageway
70mph
national speed limits for towing vehicles on a single carriageway
50mph
national speed limits for towing vehicles on a dual carriageway
60mph
when there are street lights, there’s normally a
30mph speed limit for all vehicles, unless signs show otherwise
minimum speed limit
- sometimes shown through signage
- travel above the speed unless it’s unsafe
buses, coaches, minibuses and goods vehicles (not exceeding 7.5 tonnes maximum laden weight) speed limits:
- single carriageway: 50mph
- dual carriageway: 60mph
- motorway: 70mph
goods vehicles (exceeding 7.5 tonnes maximum laden weight) speed limit in England and Wales:
- single carriageway: 50mph
- dual carriageway: 60mph
- motorway: 60mph
goods goods vehicles (exceeding 7.5 tonnes maximum laden weight) speed limits in Scotland:
- single carriageway: 40mph
- dual carriageway: 50mph
- motorway: 60mph
large vehicles may have
speed limiters
- buses and coaches are restricted to 62mph
- large goods vehicles are restricted to 56mph
cycle lane marked by a solid white line
never drive or park there during its hours of operation
cycle lane marked by broken line
don’t drive or park there unless it’s unavoidable
you should only drive over a footpath when
it’s necessary to reach a property
if you’re turning right at a crossroads when an oncoming driver is also turning right
right, it’s normally safer to keep the other vehicle to your right and turn behind it. If you have to pass in front of the other vehicle, take extra care as your view may be blocked
at crossroads where there aren’t any signs or markings
- no-one has priority
- check very carefully in all directions before driving in
roundabouts
- designed to help traffic flow smoothly
never reverse
- for longer than you have to
- from a side road into a main road
when reversing into a side road
- always check road and traffic conditions in all directions
- you can undo your seatbelt while reversing if it helps you to get a better view
how can reversing create a hazard for passing traffic?
the front of your vehicle swings out as you turn
level crossing
- where a railway line crosses the road
- may have countdown markers to warn you (if the crossing is hidden/around a bend)
- may or may not have barriers
controlled crossing have
- traffic-light signals with twin flashing red lights
- a warning alarm for pedestrians
if the warning light comes on as you’re approaching a level crossing
stop!
if you’re already on the crossing when he warnings lights come on and the bell rings
keep going and clear the crossing
some types of level crossing don’t have lights, e.g:
- crossings with user-operated gates or barriers
- open crossings
if you have to park on a road, you should park on the
- left-hand side, so that other road users can see your reflectors
- on a one-way street, you can park on either side
clearways
a stretch of road or steep where stopping is not allowed
urban clearway
stop only to drop off and pick-up passengers
on a road marked with double white lines (broken or not)
only stop to drop off and pick up passengers, or to load/unload goods
don’t park:
- on or near the brow of a hill - at a bus stop
- opposite a traffic island
- in front of someone else’s drive
- near a school entrance
- opposite or within 10 metres of a junction (NI = 15), unless there’s an authorised parking space
parking restrictions are sometimes shown by
signs and yellow lines
controlled parking zone
- you have to pay
- park within the maked bays on days and time shown by the zone entry times
you have to stop when:
- involved in a RTA
- red traffic light
- when a police officer, traffic warden, DVSA officer, traffic officer or school crossing patrol signals you to do so
smoking in the car
- illegal to smoke in a private enclosed vehicle if one or more of the occupants is under 18
- it’s the drivers responsibility to stop this from happening
- doesn’t apply to e-cigarettes
a white circle with a black diagonal line through it signifies
the national speed limit applies
a blue circle with a number in crossed out by a red diagonal signifies
the minimum speed (the number) has ended
a red circle, filled in blue, with a red diagonal through it signifies
- waiting restrictions (normally accompanied with details of when the restrictions are in force)
- if ENDS is written underneath, it means that the no-waiting zone has ended
if you’re waiting at a pelican crossing and the red light changes to flashing amber
wait for pedestrians on the crossing to clear
when can you park on the left opposite white lines (one strong and one broken)
to pick up or set down passengers
turning offside to offside
- when turning right at crossroads where oncoming traffic is also turning right, it’s generally safer to turn behind the approaching vehicle
- allows a clear view of approaching traffic
nearside to nearside
usually at junctions controlled by traffic-light-filters
white rectangles with decreasing numbers of red diagonal lines through them signify
approaching a concealed level crossing
meeting situations
if the nearest passing place is on the right, wait opposite it
you can drive in bus lanes when
they are not in operation
memory tip: broken line in the cycle lane means
something will break if you use it (dark, I know, but you do what you have to)
what must you have to use a disabled space
A Blue Badge
single carriageway lines
short dashes with long spaces
high-occupancy lane
for vehicles that have two or more occupants
blue circles
give an instruction or show which sort of road user can use a route
red rings or circles
tell you what you mustn’t do
signs with a brown background
give tourist information
stop sign is octagonal so that it
stands out and can be understood even if it’s partly covered (e.g. by snow)
maximum speed limits are shown inside
red circles
the more paint there is
the more important the rule
short broken white lines
mark the centre of the road
longer broken white lines
show that a hazard is ahead: only overtake if the road ahead is clear
you can only cross or straddle double white lines with a solid white line on your side of thread when
- you’re turning into a junction or an entrance
- you need to pass a stationary vehicle
- you need to overtake a cyclist, horse or road maintenance vehicle, if they’re moving <10mph
white diagonal stripes or chevrons
separate lanes of traffic or protect traffic turning right
red tarmac within a block of white lines or diagonals
highlights the area that separates traffic flowing in opposite directions
yellow lines show
waiting and stopping restrictions
zigzag lines
no stopping or parking at any time
broken lines across the road
give way
single solid line
stop
give way triangles, road-hump markings and rumble strips
warn of a hazard
traffic light sequence
1) red
2) red and amber - stop and wait
3) green
4) amber - stop unless you’ve already crossed the stop line or you’re so close that pulling up might cause an accident
green filter arrow
you can go in the direction of the arrow, even if the main green light isn’t showing green
if a set of traffic lights is out of order
- drive very carefully
- nobody has priority
red flashing lights
- level crossings, lifting bridges, outside some fire stations
- STOP
at roadworks, traffic can be controlled by:
- a police officer
- traffic lights
- a ‘stop/go’ board
amber lights on the gantries
- hazard (e.g. lane closures, to leave at the next exit, fog)
- temporary maximum speed advised for conditions
when may you have to use an arm signal:
- signalling to turn right in busy traffic
- slowing down to give way at a zebra crossing
when can you ignore the rules about beeping
when another driver puts you in danger
you must not use your horn when stationary
unless other vehicle is likely to cause danger
a police or traffic officer following you in a patrol vehicle can do what to make you stop:
- indicate left and point to the left
- flash their headlights
- pull up on the left as soon as it’s safe to do so
a red circle with a black motorcycle and a black car underneath it signifies
no motor vehicles allowed
red circle with a white bar through it
no entry (e.g. one way)
a blue circle with a white tram in it; underneath, a black rectangle, filled in white, with ‘Only’ written in black
means route for trams only
a red circle, filled in white, with two black triangles facing opposite at the north and south poles, with 4.4m written at the top and 14’-6” written underneath
applies to high vehicles on the road ahead
a red circle, filled in white, with a black car on the left and a red car on the right
no overtaking
a red circle, filled in blue, with a red diagonal across it
waiting restrictions apply
a black rectangle, the top half being a grey circle with a diagonal through it, with 4 black lines diagonally across the whole sign in the other direction. on the bottom half, written in black, is ‘Zone ENDS’
end of restricted parking area
a red circle, filled in blue, with a red X through it
means no stopping
only stop in a clearway if
it’s an absolute emergency!
a blue rectangle with a white edging, filled in blue with a big white P and distance under it
distance to parking place ahead
a blue rectangle with a white edging, filled in blue with a big white P and a white car underneath it on the left
- vehicles may park fully on the verge or footway
- parking on a verge without the sign could lead to a fine
a red circle, filled in white with a red arrow at the top and a black arrow on the right facing down
- give priority to oncoming traffic
- where roads can only fit one car (bridges, roadworks, width restriction)
a blue circle with white edging with a big white number
minimum speed
a blue circle with white edging and two white arrows diverging
- pass either side to get to the same destination
- often in one-way streets that have more than one lane
- use the route that’s most convenient and doesn’t require a late change of lane
blue circles usually
- give positive instruction
- found in urban areas
- signs for mini-roundabouts and direction arrows
where would you see a contraflow bus and cycle lane
on a one-way street
a blue rectangle with white edging. the right side is two white arrows pointing up. the left side is a bus with a white arrow underneath pointing down
contraflow bus lane
brown signs often seen on the
motorway
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black post on it (looks kinda like a stile)
T-junction (with priority over vehicles from the right)
a red triangle, filled in white, with what looks like a chubby black sword
- crossroads
- the priority through the junction is shown using the broader line
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black circle with 3 gaps in it (like the recycling sign)
roundabout
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black bicycle in it
- cycle route ahead
- watch out for cyclists rejoining the main road
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black path that doubles over
double bend
a red triangle, filled in white, with a wishbone
the end of a dual carriageway (the carriageways converge)
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black exclamation point in it
- danger ahead
- may be accompanied with a plate detailing the type of hazard
hidden dips can conceal
hazards e.g.
- cyclists
- horse riders
- parked vehicles
- pedestrians
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black fence on it
level crossing with a gate or barrier
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black tram in it
trams crossing ahead
a red triangle, filled in white, with a black hill and an angle above it
steep hill
when should you avoid to ford?
if the water looks too deep, or if the stream has spread over a large distance
a blue rectangle with white edging. in it is a white line with a twig sticking off of it that it cut of by a red rectangle on an angle
no through road on the (direction of the twig)
a blue rectangle with white edging, a white line blocked off perpendicularly with a red rectangle
no through road
ring road
designed to relieve congestion in town and city centres
a yellow rectangle, filled in green, with a big white R in the centre
ring road
a black rectangle, filled In yellow. two black arrows pointing upwards on the left, one line blocked perpendicularly with a red rectangle at the right
the right-hand lane is closed
yellow and black signs
- temporary
- used to inform you about roadworks or lane restrictions
a black rectangle, filled in yellow. STAY IN LANE written at top, with diagram of curved arrows in yellow and red. Max speed (x) written in black underneath.
contraflow
if you use the right-hand lane in a contraflow system
you’ll be travelling with no permanent barrier between you and the oncoming traffic
what do you do at an amber light?
stop at the stop line
when shouldn’t you proceed at a green traffic light junction?
when your exit is blocked
filter lights
- have separate signals for different lanes
- designed to help traffic flow at major junctions
when may you cross a solid white line
- to pass a vehicle going <10mph
- to enter a side road
- to access a property
road markings: a white triangle with white chevrons in it that come to a point
found on a motorway slip road
blue rectangle with white edges showing a junction and a number in black rectangle with white edging in the bottom left
the number of the next junction
if an left-facing arrow is shown on the gantries
leave the motorway at the next exit; the motorway is closed ahead
blue rectangle with white edges showing two white lines going into the distance with a bridge across them
end motorway
black rectangle with a white square inside it with ‘End’ in white letterings
end of restriction
black rectangle filled in yellow with a black triangle (circle/diamond) in the centre
a diversion route
yellow and black sign speed changes are still
mandatory (usually about 3/4 mile in advance)
a red circle filled in white with a black motorcycle in the centre
no motorcycles
on traffic light, if one of them is white it is for
trams
red triangle filled in white facing downwards
give way
a blue circling with white edging with three arrows in a circle
mini-roundabout
a red triangle, filled in white, with two black arrows facing east and west respectively
- two-way traffic crosses a one-way road
- be prepared for traffic approaching from junctions on either side
- avoid unnecessary changes of lane
a red triangle, filled in white, with two black arrows facing north and south respectively
- two-way traffic straight ahead
- may be at the end of a dual carriageway or a one-way street
at a hump bridge
- need to slow down
- restricted view
- narrow road
- if the bridge is very steep, sound your horn
- if you go too fast, your wheels may leave the road
a black sign pointing right filled in white, with a blue rectangle inside that has a white P + and a bus
direction to park-and-ride car park
a downward facing with arrow that is hollow
- just before a give way sign
- give way to traffic on the main road
a blue rectangle with a large white arrow pointing upwards
one-way system
a red triangle filled in white with a man walking along a path
zebra crossing ahead
which conditions might require an arm signal?
- bright sunshine
- complex road layout
- when stopping at a pedestrian crossing
- when turning right after having just passed a parked vehicle
in a tunnel
you may need to reduce your speed to let your eyes adjust to the sudden darkness
continuous white line along the side of the road
- the edge of the carriageway
- useful when visibility is restricted
- discontinued at junctions, lay-bys and entrances or exits to private drives
arrow pointing left to the left of the hatched markings
keep left of the hatched markings
double unbroken white centre lines
no parking
before you can legally drive on a public road, you must:
- check that the vehicle tax has been paid on the vehicle
- hold a valid driving licence
- have valid insurance cover
- ensure the vehicle you’re driving has a valid MOT certificate if it requires one
you won’t be able to tax your vehicle unless you have:
- a valid MOT certificate (if your vehicle requires one) - appropriate, current insurance cover
vehicle registration certificate (V5C)
contains details of:
- the vehicle, including make, model, engine size and year of registration
- the registration keeper
you have to tell the DVLA when:
- your vehicle
- your name
- your permanent address
vehicle tax must be paid on
all motor vehicles used or kept on public roads unless the vehicle is exempt
Statutory Off-Road Notification (SORN)
- if you’re not going to use your vehicle on public roads, you won’t have to pay vehicle tax as long as you tell DVLA in advance
- lasts until you tax, sell or scrap your vehicle
eyesight
you must be able to read in good daylight, with glasses or contact lenses, a vehicle plate from 20m
probation period
for two years after you pass your first practical test, if you get six or more penalty points, you lose your license
if you lose your license, you have to
- reapply for your provisional license
- pass your theory and practical tests again
any points on your provisional license
will be transferred to your new license when you pass your test
before driving on roads, you must have
at least third-party insurance
third-party insurance covers
- injury to another person
- damage to someone else’s property
- damage to other vehicles
driving without insurance
- is a criminal offence
- can lead to an unlimited fine and possibly disqualification
when might you need to show your insurance certificate?
- when you’re taxing your vehicle
- if a police officer asks you for it
your insurer may give you a …. until your receive your insurance certificate
temporary cover note
if you ignore reminds sent to you to get insurance or SORN as the registered keeper, you risk
- a fixed-penalty fine of £100 court prosecution
- a fine of up to £1000
- having the vehicle clamped, seized and destroyed
if a police officer asks to see your documents and you don’t have them with you…
you can produce them at a police station within seven days
the cost of your insurance is generally lower if you’re
over 25 years old
before you drive anyone else’s vehicle
make sure it’s insured for you to drive
the MOT test make sure
your vehicle meets road safety and environmental standards
cars must have an MOT
when they’re three years old (four in NI)
MOT certificates are valid for
one year
trailers and caravans
don’t need an MOT
the only time you can drive your car without an MOT certificate (unless your car is exempt) is
when you’re driving to or from an appointment at an MOT centre, or to have MOT repairs carried out
if your vehicle needs an MOT certificate and you don’t have one
- you won’t be able to renew your vehicle tax
- you could be prosecuted
- your insurance may be invalid
you must also tell DVLA if you
- change your name
- change your address
- have or develop a medical condition that will affect your ability to drive
what do you need to apply to renew your vehicle tax?
- valid insurance
- all relevant valid documents (valid MOT certificate where applicable)
where can you renew your vehicle tax?
- online
- at post offices
- at vehicle registration offices
- by phones
who’s responsible for paying the vehicle tax?
the registered keeper of the vehicle
what information is found on a vehicle registration document?
- the registered keeper
- the vehicle’s details (date of first registration, registration number, previous keeper, maker of vehicle, engine size, chassis number, year of manufacture and colour)
basic third-person party insurance won’t curve
- damage to your vehicle
- theft
- fire damage
what does a policy of excess x mean
- you have to pay the first x amount of car repairs
- it will help to keep your premium down
what does the cover note give you?
temporary cover
which document must you show at the post office to tax your car?
new keeper supplement
what should you carry in your car in case of emergency to help prevent or lessen an injury?
- a first aid kit
- a warning triangle
- fire extinguisher
you may be able to tackle a
small fire if you have a fire extinguisher, but don’t take any risks
if a warning light shoes on the instrument panel of your vehicle
- you may have a problem that affects the safety of the vehicle
- if necessary, stop as soon as you can do so safely and check the problem
if your tyre bursts or you get a puncture while you’re driving
- hold the steering wheel firmly
- pull up slowly or roll to a stop at the side of the road
if you smell petrol while you’re driving
stop and investigate as soon as you can do so safely
what will the operator ask you if you break down on the motorway
- the number on the phone
- details of yourself and your vehicle
- whether you belong to a motoring organisation
a person who has a disability that affects their mobility may display
a ‘help’ pennant if they can’t reach an emergency phone
if you break down on a level crossing
- get everyone out of the vehicle and clear the crossing
- call the signal operator from the phone provided
- only move your vehicle if the operator tells you to do so
if you have a warning triangle
- place it at least 45m behind your vehicle
- warns other road users that you’ve broken down
- never place it on a motorway; too much danger from passing traffic
if you’re driving on a motorway and you see something fall from another vehicle, or if anything falls from your own vehicle
stop at the next emergency telephone and report the hazard to the police; don’t try to retrieve it yourself
you need to take extra care when you’re driving in a tunnel because:
- when you enter the tunnel, visibility is suddenly reduced
- the confined space can make incidents difficult to deal with
before driving through a tunnel
- remove your sunglasses if you’re wearing them
- switch on dipped headlights
it especially important to keep a good gap in a tunnel
even if it’s congested
signs may display a radio frequency
that you should tune your radio to
if your vehicle is involved in an incident or breaks down in a tunnel
- switch off the engine
- put your hazard warning lights on
- go and call for help immediately from the nearest emergency telephone point
if your vehicle catches fire while you’re driving through a tunnel
- drive it out of the tunnel if your can do so without causing further danger
- if not, stop
- switch on hazard warning lights
- try to put out the fire, but only if it’s small
- call for help at the nearest emergency point
if your engine catches fire while your driving
- pull up as quickly and safely as possible
- get yourself and any passengers out and away from the vehicle
- call the fire brigade
- don’t open the bonnet, this will make the fire worse
if you’re first to arrive at an incident
- ensure that the engines of any vehicles at the scene are switched off
- move uninjured people away from the scene
a vehicle carrying dangerous goods
- will display an orange label or a hazard warning plate on the back
- report that the label says if you have to call the emergency services
basic first aid
- keep people warm, comfortable and calm
- don’t leave them alone
- don’t offer them food or drink
don’t move an injured person if
the area is safe
if the casualty is unconscious
- check they can breathe normally
- if they can, place them in the recovery position until the medical help arrives
- keep checking their airway remains clear
DR ABC approach
Danger Response Airway Breathing Circulation
CPR
- interlock your fingers, place them in the centre of the casualty’s chest and press down hard and fast; around 5-6cm twice a second
- you may need only one hand for a child and you shouldn’t press dow hard
- for infants, use two fingers in the middle of their chest and press down about a third of the chest depth
- don’t stop until the casualty starts breathing again or a medical professional takes over
Danger
check it’s safe to approach
Response
- try to get a response by gently shaking the casualty’s shoulders and asking loudly ‘Are you all right?’
- if they respond, check for injuries
Airway
if they don’t respond, open the casualty’s airway by placing your fingers under their chin and lifting it forward
Breathing
- check that the casualty is breathing normally
- look for chest movements, and air flow
- if there is not, apply CPR
Circulation
- if the casualty is responsive and breathing, check for signs of bleeding
- protect yourself from exposure to blood and check for anything that might be in the wound (e.g. glass)
- don’t remove anything that’s stuck in the wound
- without pressing on the object, build up padding on either side
- if nothing is embedded, apply firm pressure over the wound to stem blood-flow
- as soon as practical, fasten a pad to the wound with a bandage or length of cloth; use the cleanest material available
symptoms of shock
- rapid pulse
- sweating
- pale grey skin
to help someone suffering from shock
- reassure them confidently
- keep them warm
- make them comfortable as you can
- avoid moving them unless it’s necessary
- make sure they’re not left alone
if someone is suffering from burns
- douse the burns thoroughly with cool water for at least 10minutes
- don’t remove anything sticking to the burn
what information must you stop and give if you’re involved in an incident?
name and address, as well as if there is any property damage (must report the incident to the police within 24 hours, asap)
if another person is injured and you don’t produce your insurance certificate at the tijme
you must report the incident to the police as soon as is reasonably practical, within 24 hours
if another vehicle is involved, find out:
- who owns the vehicle
- the make and registration number of the vehicle
- the other driver’s name, address and telephone number and details of their insurance
following an incident, or at any other time, police may ask you for:
- your insurance certificate
- the MOT certificate for the vehicle
- your driving licence
where possible, record information about an incident scene
it may be helpful to take photographs
never cross the carriageway or slip road
- to use the emergency phone
- or ever, really!
if a casualty is unconscious in the middle of the road, what is the first thing to do?
warn other traffic
if someone is suffering from burns and has blistering
don’t attempt to burst them; this could lead to infection
if someone is bleeding heavily
don’t create a tourniquet - it restricts circulation and can result in long-term injury
if you’re involved in a collision, the police may ask you to produce your
driving license
overloading
can seriously affect a vehicle’s handling, especially the steering and braking
when you’re carrying or towing a heavy load, you need to make adjustments to your vehicle, such as:
- increasing the air pressure in the tyres
- adjusting the aim of the headlights
you should load your vehicle carefully to avoid
upsetting the vehicle’s stability
when loading a vehicle
- distribute the weight evenly
- make sure that the load is fastened so that it can’t move when you’re cornering or braking
- ensure loads don’t obstruct your view when you’re driving, or stick out where they could be dangerous for other road users
carrying a load on a roof rack
- will increase wind resistance
- may make your vehicle less stable
when should you inflate your tyres to a higher pressure than normal?
- when you’re carrying a heavy load
- if you’re driving for a long distance on a dual carriageway or motorway at the speed limit
never allow a passenger to travel in a caravan
while it’s being towed
animals should be
restrained, to ensure they don’t interfere with the driver, or block the driver’s view
dogs:
- may travel in a special cage or behind a dog guard
- may be strapped in using a harness for added security
animals except dogs:
- should travel in cages or in pet carriers that can be secured with a seat belt
if you’re planning to tow a caravan
- it’ll help the handling of your vehicle if you have a stabiliser fitted to your towbar
- particularly if you’re driving in side winds
if your caravan or trailer has a braking system
- it must be fitted with a device to stop the trailer automatically in the event of separation of the main coupling
- attach a breakaway cable to the parking-brake mechanism that will apply to the brake when the trailer becomes detached from the towing vehicle
if a trailer or caravan starts to swerve or snake as you’re driving along:
- ease off the accelerator
- reduce your speed gradually to regain control
noseweight
- the maximum weight that can be put on your vehicle’s towbar
- found in your vehicle handbook
loads and fuel consumption
- carrying a load will increase your vehicle’s fuel consumption because of the extra weight
- carrying a load on a roof rack will increase the fuel consumption even more because of the wind resistance and drag created by the load
why does a heavy load on a roof rack reduce stability?
it moves the centre of gravity away from that designed by the manufacturer
why might your steering feel heavy?
tyre pressure is too low
