The Body Plan: Basic Concepts of Human Structure

Question 1

What is gross anatomy?

Answer 1

Regional or topographical anatomy

Question 2

What is systemic anatomy?

Answer 2

Based on the systems of the body

Question 3

What are the 8 types of anatomy?

Answer 3

Gross (topographical) anatomy 
Systemic anatomy
Neuro-anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Surface (clinical) anatomy 
Living anatomy/Imaging anatomy
Clinical/surgical/applied anatomy

Question 4

What is developmental anatomy?

Answer 4

Embryology: development of embryo & fetus

Question 5

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 5

Histology: study of cell (cell biology) and tissue

Question 6

What is surface (clinical) anatomy?

Answer 6

Study of external features - Important for physical examination

Question 7

What is living anatomy?

Answer 7

Imaging anatomy - radiology & diagnostic imaging

Question 8

What is surgical anatomy?

Answer 8

applied anatomy - anatomy as applied to clinical practice

Question 9

What does human anatomy always begin with?

Answer 9

definition of the anatomical position

Question 10

What is the worldwide accepted anatomical position (4)?

Answer 10

• Standing upright,
• Head, eyes and toes facing forward
• Upper limbs by the sides
• Palms facing forward, thumbs directed outwards, away from the palms

Question 11

What are the 4 + 1 major anatomical planes?

Answer 11

• Sagittal
• parasagittal
• Coronal
• Horizontal (axial)
• Sometimes use a oblique plane

Question 12

What is the sagittal or midsagittal plane?

Answer 12

midline - divides the body into two symmetrical halves

Question 13

What is the parasagittal plane?

Answer 13

• Off the midline

Question 14

What is lateral?

Answer 14

structures further from the sagittal or parasagittal plane

Question 15

What is medial?

Answer 15

structures closer to the sagittal or parasagittal plane

Question 16

what is the coronal (frontal plane)?

Answer 16

Divides the body into the front and back

Question 17

What is anterior?

Answer 17

closer to the front

Question 18

What is another word for anterior?

Answer 18

Ventral

Question 19

What is posterior?

Answer 19

closer to the back

Question 20

what is another word for posterior?

Answer 20

dorsal

Question 21

What is the horizontal plane?

Answer 21

divides the body into upper and lower parts

Question 22

What is superior?

What are two other words for superior?

Answer 22

above aka cranial, rostral

Question 23

What is inferior? What is another word for inferior?

Answer 23

Caudal

Question 24

What is the horizontal plane called in imaging?

Answer 24

axial plane

Question 25

how is a person oriented in the horizontal plane?

Answer 25

viewing from the patients feet up

Question 26

What are the two imaging modalities that use axial slices

Answer 26

CT and MR

Question 27

What other slice is flipped in direction?

Answer 27

Coronal slices

Question 28

Can you take coronal slices in MR?

Answer 28

No, the ones you see are post-processed

Question 29

What are the two types of x-ray views?

Answer 29

side - lateral | front - frontal

Question 30

What can't an x-ray do?

Answer 30

cut the body

Question 31

What are the 6 anatomical regions?

Answer 31

``` Chest - thorax Stomach - abdomen Upper extremities or limbs Lower extremities or limbs Head and neck ```

Question 32

What is a unique aspect of the hyoid bone?

Answer 32

There is more anatomy above the hyoid bone then below the hyoid bone

Question 33

What is the hyoid bone?

Answer 33

Neck bone

Question 34

What are the 6 body cavities?

Answer 34

``` Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity (spinal) Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity ```

Question 35

What are the abdominal and pelvic cavity sometimes called? Why?

Answer 35

abdominopelvic cavity , there is no physical separation between them

Question 36

What is proximal?

Answer 36

closer to the root or base of the limb or the sit of attachment to the trunk

Question 37

What is distal?

Answer 37

further from parts away from the root or base of the limb

Question 38

Describe the upper limb

Answer 38

- Shoulder - Arm (upper arm) - Elbow - Forearm - Wrist - Hand

Question 39

Describe the lower limb

Answer 39

- Hip - Thigh - Knee - Leg (only used for calf) - Ankle - Foot

Question 40

What is flexion?

Answer 40

Body parts close together - decreases the angle between two body parts

Question 41

What is extension?

Answer 41

Body parts away from each other - increases the angle between two body parts

Question 42

What is adduction?

Answer 42

Moving limbs toward the midline

Question 43

What is abduction?

Answer 43

Moving limbs away from the midline

Question 44

What is pronation?

Answer 44

Palms facing down if resting on a surface

Question 45

What is supination?

Answer 45

Palms facing up, as if holding a bowl of soup

Question 46

What is a lateral (external) rotation?

Answer 46

Rotating arms away from the midline

Question 47

What is a medial (internal) rotation?

Answer 47

Rotating arms towards the midline

Question 48

What is circumduction?

Answer 48

Circular movement of the limbs

Question 49

Describe skin from superficial to deep.

Answer 49

``` Stratum corneum Epidermus Dermis Superficial fascia Deep fascia Skeletal muscle ```

Question 50

What is stratum corneum?

Answer 50

dead skin - layer of protective covering , thicker in places like the soles of your feet than on the back of your hand

Question 51

What is epidermis?

Answer 51

Stratified (layered) squamous (flat) cells

Question 52

What is dermis (2)?

Answer 52

metabolically active layer, orientation of collagen is directional and creates langer lines

Question 53

What is superficial fascia (2)?

Answer 53

Packing material, fat

Question 54

What is deep fascia?

Answer 54

Like flat tendon, important in the lower limb for venous return

Question 55

Why are langers lines important for incisions?

Answer 55

If you cross langers lines you get poor healing and scars

Question 56

What are the two types of muscles in the superficial fascia?

Answer 56

- Platysma muscle | - mammary gland

Question 57

What is the platysma muscle?

Answer 57

muscle in the neck important for facial movement

Question 58

What is a superficial wound?

Answer 58

penetrate superficial fascia

Question 59

What is a deep wound?

Answer 59

penetrate deep fascia and deeper

Question 60

What is a first degree burn?

Answer 60

involves the epidermis (superficial/partial thickness)

Question 61

What is a second degree burn?

Answer 61

involves the dermis as well (partial thickness/deep dermal burn)

Question 62

What is a third degree burn?

Answer 62

goes down to deep fascia (full thickness)

Question 63

How long do 1st and 2nd degree burns generally take to heal?

Answer 63

2 to 3 weeks

Question 64

How do 3rd degree burns heal?

Answer 64

only from the periphery and usually require skin grafting

Question 65

What are common complications of burns (especially 3rd degree)

Answer 65

infection and hypovolemia, which may lead to shock

Question 66

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 66

loss of tissue fluid

Question 67

Build a breast from deep to superficial.

Answer 67

- Intercostal muscle and ribs - Pectoralis minor muscle - Pectoralis major muscle - Superficial fascia - retromammary space - mammary gland - lactiferous ducts (tubular alveolar gland) - cooper's ligaments - Skin and Nipple

Question 68

What causes a blister?

Answer 68

due to the separation of tissue and accumulation of fluid (exudation) with inflammation