The Body Plan: Basic Concepts of Human Structure Flashcards
What is gross anatomy?
Regional or topographical anatomy
What is systemic anatomy?
Based on the systems of the body
What are the 8 types of anatomy?
Gross (topographical) anatomy Systemic anatomy Neuro-anatomy Developmental anatomy Microscopic anatomy Surface (clinical) anatomy Living anatomy/Imaging anatomy Clinical/surgical/applied anatomy
What is developmental anatomy?
Embryology: development of embryo & fetus
What is microscopic anatomy?
Histology: study of cell (cell biology) and tissue
What is surface (clinical) anatomy?
Study of external features - Important for physical examination
What is living anatomy?
Imaging anatomy - radiology & diagnostic imaging
What is surgical anatomy?
applied anatomy - anatomy as applied to clinical practice
What does human anatomy always begin with?
definition of the anatomical position
What is the worldwide accepted anatomical position (4)?
- Standing upright,
- Head, eyes and toes facing forward
- Upper limbs by the sides
- Palms facing forward, thumbs directed outwards, away from the palms
What are the 4 + 1 major anatomical planes?
- Sagittal
- parasagittal
- Coronal
- Horizontal (axial)
- Sometimes use a oblique plane
What is the sagittal or midsagittal plane?
midline - divides the body into two symmetrical halves
What is the parasagittal plane?
- Off the midline
What is lateral?
structures further from the sagittal or parasagittal plane
What is medial?
structures closer to the sagittal or parasagittal plane
what is the coronal (frontal plane)?
Divides the body into the front and back
What is anterior?
closer to the front
What is another word for anterior?
Ventral
What is posterior?
closer to the back
what is another word for posterior?
dorsal
What is the horizontal plane?
divides the body into upper and lower parts
What is superior?
What are two other words for superior?
above aka cranial, rostral
What is inferior? What is another word for inferior?
Caudal
What is the horizontal plane called in imaging?
axial plane
how is a person oriented in the horizontal plane?
viewing from the patients feet up
What are the two imaging modalities that use axial slices
CT and MR
What other slice is flipped in direction?
Coronal slices
Can you take coronal slices in MR?
No, the ones you see are post-processed
What are the two types of x-ray views?
side - lateral
front - frontal
What can’t an x-ray do?
cut the body
What are the 6 anatomical regions?
Chest - thorax Stomach - abdomen Upper extremities or limbs Lower extremities or limbs Head and neck
What is a unique aspect of the hyoid bone?
There is more anatomy above the hyoid bone then below the hyoid bone
What is the hyoid bone?
Neck bone
What are the 6 body cavities?
Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity (spinal) Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
What are the abdominal and pelvic cavity sometimes called? Why?
abdominopelvic cavity , there is no physical separation between them
What is proximal?
closer to the root or base of the limb or the sit of attachment to the trunk
What is distal?
further from parts away from the root or base of the limb
Describe the upper limb
- Shoulder
- Arm (upper arm)
- Elbow
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
Describe the lower limb
- Hip
- Thigh
- Knee
- Leg (only used for calf)
- Ankle
- Foot
What is flexion?
Body parts close together - decreases the angle between two body parts
What is extension?
Body parts away from each other - increases the angle between two body parts
What is adduction?
Moving limbs toward the midline
What is abduction?
Moving limbs away from the midline
What is pronation?
Palms facing down if resting on a surface
What is supination?
Palms facing up, as if holding a bowl of soup
What is a lateral (external) rotation?
Rotating arms away from the midline
What is a medial (internal) rotation?
Rotating arms towards the midline
What is circumduction?
Circular movement of the limbs
Describe skin from superficial to deep.
Stratum corneum Epidermus Dermis Superficial fascia Deep fascia Skeletal muscle
What is stratum corneum?
dead skin - layer of protective covering , thicker in places like the soles of your feet than on the back of your hand
What is epidermis?
Stratified (layered) squamous (flat) cells
What is dermis (2)?
metabolically active layer, orientation of collagen is directional and creates langer lines
What is superficial fascia (2)?
Packing material, fat
What is deep fascia?
Like flat tendon, important in the lower limb for venous return
Why are langers lines important for incisions?
If you cross langers lines you get poor healing and scars
What are the two types of muscles in the superficial fascia?
- Platysma muscle
- mammary gland
What is the platysma muscle?
muscle in the neck important for facial movement
What is a superficial wound?
penetrate superficial fascia
What is a deep wound?
penetrate deep fascia and deeper
What is a first degree burn?
involves the epidermis (superficial/partial thickness)
What is a second degree burn?
involves the dermis as well (partial thickness/deep dermal burn)
What is a third degree burn?
goes down to deep fascia (full thickness)
How long do 1st and 2nd degree burns generally take to heal?
2 to 3 weeks
How do 3rd degree burns heal?
only from the periphery and usually require skin grafting
What are common complications of burns (especially 3rd degree)
infection and hypovolemia, which may lead to shock
What is hypovolemia?
loss of tissue fluid
Build a breast from deep to superficial.
- Intercostal muscle and ribs
- Pectoralis minor muscle
- Pectoralis major muscle
- Superficial fascia
- retromammary space
- mammary gland
- lactiferous ducts (tubular alveolar gland)
- cooper’s ligaments - Skin and Nipple
What causes a blister?
due to the separation of tissue and accumulation of fluid (exudation) with inflammation
