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DMED 511 - Foundations > Biochemical Foundations of Medicine > Flashcards

Biochemical Foundations of Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization of an organism? (5)

A

Organism, organ, cell, organelle, biomolecules

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2
Q

Parts of a cell (9)

A

Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, mitochondrion, lysosome, golgi body

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3
Q

What are simple molecules.

A

H20, CO2, NH3, O2, N2

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4
Q

What are the cellular building blocks?

A

amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, lipids

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5
Q

What are the polymers?

A

Proteins (amino acid polymers), polysaccharides (carbohydrate polymers), nucleic acids (nucleotides)

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6
Q

What are supra-molecular assemblies

A

ribosomes, chromatin, membranes

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7
Q

What are lipids used to build?

A

Not polymerized but aggregated into supra-molecular assemblies (no covalent bonds)

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8
Q

What are the identifying features of amino acids?

A
  • an alpha carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, a carboxylic acid and an amino group
  • side chain (R-group) - varies
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9
Q

What are the identifying features of carbohydrates?

A

C(H20), linear or cyclic form, every carbon has a h20 attached to it

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10
Q

What are the identifying features of nucleotides?

A
  • Nitrogenous base (aromatic)
  • Sugar
  • Inorganic phosphate (mono, di or tri)
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11
Q

What are the identifying feature of lipids?

A

Hydrocarbons, mainly contain hydrogen or carbon, may be aromatic or linear

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12
Q

What is the defining feature of an unsaturated lipid?

A

contains carbon carbon double bounds (room for more H’s)

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13
Q

What does residue refer to?

A

What’s left of a monomer in a polymer, water is lost,

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14
Q

How are polymers attached (polymer)?

A

via covalent bounds

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15
Q

Amino acids are linked by _____ to form _____ (___)

A

peptide bounds, polypeptides, proteins

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16
Q

Nucleotides are linked by _____ to form _____ (___)

A

phosphodiester bonds, nucleic acids, (RNA, DNA)

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17
Q

Monosaccarides are linked by _____ to form _____ (___)

A

glycosidic bonds, polysaccharides, (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

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18
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

a biopolymer’s primary structure is the sequence of monomers linked by covalent bounds

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19
Q

What are the secondary and tertiary structures?

A

Higher levels of structure of bipolymers depending entirely on non-covalent bounds between atoms

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20
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Special dipole-dipole interaction (since the dipole is permanent) which involve an H atom attached to a more electronegative atom such as O or N.

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21
Q

What are salt bridges?

A

biological molecules contain numerous organic functional groups which are constitutively charged at physiologic pH and can thus make ionic interactions with one another

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22
Q

How many hydrogen bounds are possible per water molecules?

A

4, 2 donors and 2 acceptors

23
Q

Water is highly….

A

cohesive

24
Q

What kind of structure does ice have?

A

a crystalline lattice structure

25
Q

Water molecules behave in a way that…? what does this result in?

A

maximizes their interaction with each other (maximum entropy) at any time resulting in the hydrophobic effect.

26
Q

What do proteins do (5)?

A 
EVERYTHING!!
Structure - connective tissue 
Movement - muscle
Catalysis - enzymes (metabolism) 
Transport - Hb-O2, across cell membranes 
Communication - receptors and signalling
27
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

Its structure

28
Q

What are the two main classes of protein structure?

A

Globular or fibrous

29
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

proteins folded into a spherical (globular) shape. The can be enzymes, transporter proteins, receptors

30
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

Protein formed into filaments and are usually used to construct connective tissue, tendons, bone, matrix and muscle fiber

31
Q

What are the two major purposes of metabolism?

A

obtain usable chemical energy from the environment, make specific molecules that cells need to live and grow

32
Q

What are the two major types of metabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic, anabolic

33
Q

What are the catabolic pathways?

A

Break down complex molecules (FUELS) to more simple metabolic intermediates and ultimately, CO2 and H2O; Extract and harness usable chemical energy (ATP) from chemical bonds: are Oxidative - remove electrons from molecules

34
Q

What are the anabolic pathways?

A

Build complex molecules from simple precursors; require the input of chemical energy (ATP) to build new chemical bonds; are reductive – require electrons to make chemical bonds

35
Q

How many metabolic reaction occur in the human body?

A

over 500

36
Q

All metabolic pathways obey the same _______

A

fundamental principles

37
Q

Not all reactions occur in every ______ and not all reactions occur in every ______

A

organism, celll

38
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a series of consecutive, enzyme-catalyzed reactions producing a specific product from a specific starting metabolite

39
Q

How are the metabolic intermediates maintained at a steady level?

A
  1. irreversible reactions (rate-limiting reactions) – the enzymes that catalyze these are tightly regulated
  2. Reversible reactions - direction depends on concentration of intermediates – enzymes are not regulated
40
Q

What are the three major fuels for cellular catabolism? What are these broken down into?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids

Acetyl-CoA

41
Q

What does acetyl-CoA feed into?

A

the citric acid cycle, and is broken down to CO2

42
Q

Where are electrons from Acetyl-CoA

A

Electrons from the acetyl-CoA are “saved” in electron carriers (enzyme cofactors) - NADH and FADH2

43
Q

Where are the reduced electron carriers re-oxidized and what does this require? What is the energy of the electrons used to produce?

A

via the electron transport chain, oxygen (which is converted into water), ATP

44
Q

What maintains fuel molecules in the blood stream?

A

the liver

45
Q

What transports fuel molecules to the liver?

A

the hepatic portal vein

46
Q

How does the liver process fuel molecules (3)?

A
  • Catabolism (immediate energy needs of hepatocytes)
  • Storage of excess fuel molecules
  • Processing/release into the blood stream for other organs/tissues
47
Q

How and where is glucose stored?

A

As glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

48
Q

How and where are fatty acids stored?

A

as fat (triacylglcerols) in adipocytes

49
Q

What are the two types of organ specialization in metabolism?

A

Fuel Users and Fuel providers

50
Q

What kind of fuel does the brain use?

A

Obligatory glucose user –> will switch to ketones if necessary

51
Q

The liver maintains ______ in the blood for the use of all other tissues

A

suitable levels of fuel molecules

52
Q

How does the liver maintain suitable levels of fuel molecules?

A

Using it’s own glycogen stores –> glucose, Fatty acids from food or tissue –> ketone bodies, (sometimes amino acids –> glucose)

53
Q

What is the primary function of adipose tissue

A

long-term storage of energy

DMED 511 - Foundations (3 decks)

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