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Microbiology > The Blueprint Of Life from DNA To Protein > Flashcards

The Blueprint Of Life from DNA To Protein Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetics

A

The study of heredity

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2
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

the science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis and how their
function tells the cell when to complete certain task

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3
Q

What is genome

A

The sum of all DNA in the cell

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4
Q

What is a chromosome

A

The biggest and most important piece of your cells, the primary piece of DNA essential for the bacteria

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5
Q

How can plamysid

A

coding anti microbial help the bacteria live under certain circumstance

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6
Q

chromosome

A

is the instruction that tells the cell contains also intersection to make protein and other products

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7
Q

What is genes

A

Selction of DNA that code for a functional product

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8
Q

What is DNA

A

Has 4 nitrogenous bags ACTG
sugar base deixoyrbose

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9
Q

What happens when we have organic bases

A

will number it fro 1’ to 5’

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10
Q

In DNA what does T goes with

A

A

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11
Q

In DnA what does C goes with

A

G

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12
Q

How are the DNA strands running to eachother

A

Antiparelle

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13
Q

Why is it running antiparelle

A

Its the only way the can fit properly

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14
Q

Here the sequence of one strand
determine its complementary strand :

5’-AATTCCGG-3’

A

3’-TTAAGGCC-5’

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15
Q

What is the 5’ reference to

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

what is the 3’ reference to

A

hydroxyl

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17
Q

How does the DNA strand gets hold up together ?

A

Hydrogen bonds with A-T bases having two hydrogen bonds between them and G-C having three hydrogen bond

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18
Q

What is the term phosphosdiester bond

A

Its where the nucleotides are linked

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19
Q

In which direction are protein translated

A

from 5’ - 3’

20
Q

What is DNA replication

A

when you have one cell when it wants to become two cells it will have to copy its DNA which is termed DNA replication

21
Q

What is gene expression

A

Its a process where we use DNA to make proteins from transcription/ translation gene expression

22
Q

Horionztal mouvement of DNA refers to what

A

sex pillies, how they can move DNA plasmids from one cell to another, or we can have DNA recombining with itself

23
Q

What is DNA replication and which process is it and how does it work

A

first process Mechnaism from which the cell is going to copy its DNA out between cell, we take our Long piece of DNA and pull it apart to generate a piece of single stranded DNA

24
Q

which molecule will make a replamcent of the second strand for DNA

A

DNA polymerase and it will do that to make a complementartity new strand

25
Q

What are replication forks

A

the site of DNA production and it is based upon the complementary synthesis strand

26
Q

What is primer

A

short piece of RNA that’s introduce by the enzyme primase short complementary

note (not made of DNA into;;y )

27
Q

What will the DNA do in relation to the primer

A

DNA will grab on the the primase and extend and will start seeing that complementary synthesis

28
Q

What happens when the primase stage is over

A

Will have separate enzyme that will come in and remove that piece of RNA and use Ligase which is enzyme that seals everything together

29
Q

What is a Okazaki fragment

A

the gap between the primer

30
Q

What is gene expression

A

is the conversion of genetic material into functional material

31
Q

What is transcription

A

comping dna strand into piece of RNA

32
Q

Translation

A

When RNA is decoded to make protein

33
Q

The following DNA strand into RNA 5’ - AATTCCGG-3’

A

mRna3’- UUAAGGCC-5’

34
Q

In RNA what base pairs with A

A

Uricle

35
Q

What is the messenger RNA

A

carries information for the instruction of the cell for a specific protein

36
Q

what is the ribosome RNAN

A

forms parts of the ribosome

37
Q

tRNA

A

transfer specific amino acids

38
Q

How does transcription work ?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the gene at specific site called the promote melt it creat a little bubble of opened DNAof single stranded DNA and start synthesizing RNA nly one DNA strand is copied – the template
* The template is read in the 3’ → 5’ direction so that RNA can be made
in the 5’ → 3’ direction.

anti parole

39
Q

What is elongation

A
  1. Elongation
    * RNA polymerase moves along the template synthesizing new RNA
    * Allows the DNA to rewind behind it
40
Q

what is Termination

A

Termination
* When RNA polymerase encounters the terminator (end of the gene) it falls
off the template and releases the newly synthesized RNA.

41
Q

What must the information form MRNA do

A

Information in mRNA must be translated to make proteins

42
Q

What is the nucleotide triplet

A

Organized into sets of 3 nucleotides – codons
* Each codon specifies an amino acid to be added during protein synthesis
* ex. GGC specifies the amino acid glycine

43
Q

What are the stop coding

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

44
Q

intuition for the formation of a codon

A
  1. Initiation
    * A ribosome
    assembles on the
    mRNA
    * a tRNA carrying the
    amino acid formyl-
    methionine enters the
    P site (peptidyl)

specified by the
codon in the A site
(aminoacyl)
* The ribosome joins
the amino acids
together by a peptide
bond.

45
Q

What is the step of elongation

A

ribosome moves a distance of one codon down the mRNA
Forms a
polypeptide
* Elongation
continues
until a “stop
codon” is
reached.

46
Q

What is termination

A

When a stop codon enters the A site, the ribosome disassembles and
releases the polypeptide

Microbiology (4 decks)

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