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Microbiology > Microbiology chapter 15 > Flashcards

Microbiology chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

How can the adaptive system be acquired?

A

Can be acquired either natural or artificially

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2
Q

Natural adaptive immunity is

A

an organism or toxin enters the body and
promotes an immune response

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3
Q

Artificial adaptive immunity

A

results from immunization with a vaccine
Both types are specific and have memory

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4
Q

What is the specific memory
and what exceptions

A

Immune response protects
against one pathogen
* Does not protect against other
pathogens
* Only exception is when two
pathogens are very closely related
* ex. Smallpox and Cowp

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5
Q

What is the memory

A

Result in a much stronger
response upon re-exposure
* Long term immunity –
possibly for life.

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6
Q

Explain the overview of the adaptive immunity

A

involves two general respond against antigens
Molecule often protein interact with adaptive immunity

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7
Q

What is a Exogenous antigens
and a exemple

A

Come from outside of t he cell

Ex. Bacteria,
viruses,
toxin

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8
Q

What is a Endogenous antigens

A

antigens
* Generated
inside a body
cell.

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9
Q

Briefly explain the Antibody mediate response
(Humoral response)

A

B cells
* Detect exogenous antigens and proliferate to form plasma cells
* Produce small
protective
molecules –
antibodies
(Ab)
Bind to the surface of bacteria, viruses toxin

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10
Q

What is the Cell-mediated response

A

Helper T cells (TH)
* Direct and assist adaptive immunity and upregulate innate immunity

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11
Q

What are Cytotoxic T cells
(TC) and example

A
  • Destroy
    abnormal
    body cells
    (detected via
    surface
    antigens)
  • Ex. Cells
    infected by
    viruses,
    cancer cells.
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12
Q

briefly explain the nature of antigens

A

Antigen-antibody generation:
molecule that induces antibody production, or binds to a
specific receptor on a B or T cell

Some antigens are
immunogenic
than others
* Ex. Proteins often elicit a strong
immune response.

Each antibody
recognizes only a small
part of the antigen
called an epitope
(antigenic determinant)

Bacteria foregoing particle has several antigens

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13
Q

Briefly explain The Nature of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

A
  • Y-shaped proteins that bind to
    antigens in a particular manner

Like a lock and key

Only antigens with the correct epitope will bind correctly

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14
Q

What is the antigen structure

A

2 light chains, and 2
Antibody
heavy chains,
Which has
two identical arms – Fab region (variable fragment)
* Each with an identical antigen binding site specific to one
Epitope

One stem – Fc region (constant fragment)
Binds to complement proteins, phagocytes, etc, allowing the
antibody to trigger other components of immunity.

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15
Q

How many steps are in the protective function of antibodies

A

6

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16
Q

Explain cross-linking (agglutination)

A
  1. Cross-linking (agglutination)
    * Antigens get stuck together
    * Reduces the number of infectious
    units to be dealt with
17
Q

Explain Neutralization

A
  1. Ab binds to and inactivates
    toxins, bacteria, viruses
    * Blocks attachment sites
18
Q

Explain Complement activation

A
  1. Ab binds bacteria – acts as starting
    point for complement pathway
    * MAC attack.
19
Q

Explain Opsonization

A
  1. Opsonization
    * Ab flags down phagocytic cells – to
    engulf and destroy the antigen
20
Q

Ab dependent cytotoxicity

A
  1. Ab flags down the immune system
    cells to destroy abnormal or
    infected body cells
21
Q

Immobilization and prevention of

A
  1. adherence
    * Ab binds to flagella to stop pathogen
    from moving
    * To pili to stop bacteria from
    colonizing.
22
Q

How many classes does the antibodies have

23
Q

What is IgG – immunoglobulin G

A

Most abundant
* Binds to antigen very strongly
Found in the blood – but can also enter
tissues in regions of inflammation
* Can cross placenta – confers passive
immunity to fetus

24
Q

What is IgM – immunoglobulin M:

A

Consist of 5 units of Ab – a pentamer
* Does not move as freely as IgG – IgM stays in
the blood
* Often attached to surface of B cells
* First Ab produced upon infection
Good at cross linking

25
What is gA – immunoglobulin A and which tract does it protect
* Consists of 2 units of Ab – a dimer * Also known as secretory Ab * Found in body secretions – saliva, mucous, tears, milk * Functions to protect mucosal surfaces * Protects the gastrointestinal tract of newborn
26
What is IgD
Function unknown
27
What is IgE
Found on the surface of certain immune system cells * Mast cells and Basophils * IgE binds antigen– the cell releases histamine * Attracts complement and phagocytes to the area. * Histamine is responsible for allergy symptoms.
28
What cells are the first cell presented in the adaptive immune system the
. Lymphocytes B – lymphocytes (B cells) * Antibody-producing cells * Involved in humoral immune response
29
What is the second cell in the adaptive? immune response
T – lymphocytes (T cells) * Helper T cells (TH cells) * Help B and Tc cells prepare for an immune response * Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) * Destroy abnormal body cells * Ex. Cells infected by viruses and cancer cells.
30
Explain the Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
* Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells 1. Foreign material (ex. Bacterial cell) is engulfed by APC 2. Antigen is processed and presented to helper T cells * Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) * Check to prevent the destruction of our own cells by mistake 3. T cells become activated against foreign material.
31
Explain The B-Cell Response: Humoral immunity
* Each naïve B cell carries Ig for one epitope on its surface * Circulate in blood, and gather in lymphoid organs * If it encounters its specific epitope it will become activated * B cell receptor binds to the epitope on the antigen * Clonal selection (Cell recognizes “something”) * Antigen is phagocytized * Antigen is digested into small fragment Small fragments are presented on surface along with MHC class II to T-helper cells (TH) * If a TH recognizes the fragment as foreign it activates the B cell to multiply and differentiate – B cell undergoes clonal expansion. (Cell recognizes something useful and non-self and begins dividing to expand the population of this useful cell)
32
What happens to the colonial expansion
Clonal expansion * The activated B cell divides and differentiates
33
Explain the diviosn of the colonial expansion
1. Plasma cells * Ab-producing cells * Short life span, produce a lot of Ab 2. Memory B cells * Long living: 20 – 30 years * Circulate in blood * If it encounters Ag again it will quickly multiply and change into Ab producing plasma cells.
34
What is the primary response of Immunologic memory
1. Primary response * B cells produce low levels of Ab * Slow process – takes 7 – 14 days * IgM first, followed by IgG and IgA * Major outcome: memory is built for the antigen
35
What is the secondary response Immunologic memory
Immunologic memory 2. Secondary response * High levels of IgG * Fast response time: takes 1 – 2 days * Quickly overcomes the infection * Memory cells are replenished
36
What is The T cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity
The T cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity * TC (Cytotoxic T cells) – responsible for destroying abnormal cells * Ex. cells infected by viruses or bacteria, cancer cells, foreign cells * Recognize antigens presented along with MHC class I
37
Explain the cell activation
T cell activation * A dendritic cell engulfs foreign antigen presents antigen to a specific Tc * Tc is activated to undergo clonal expansion * Produces: * Memory T cells * Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
38
What happens once the CTLS is activated
any body cell can serve as APC * Endogenous antigen is presented on the cell surface along with MHC class I * CTL attaches to abnormal cells and releases: * Granzymes – enzymes that induce apoptosis (programmed cell death). * Perforins – enzymes that poke holes in the abnormal cell’s membrane

Microbiology (4 decks)

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