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Microbiology > Microbiology chapter 15 > Flashcards

Microbiology chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

How can the adaptive system be acquired?

A

Can be acquired either natural or artificially

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2
Q

Natural adaptive immunity is

A

an organism or toxin enters the body and
promotes an immune response

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3
Q

Artificial adaptive immunity

A

results from immunization with a vaccine
Both types are specific and have memory

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4
Q

What is the specific memory
and what exceptions

A

Immune response protects
against one pathogen
* Does not protect against other
pathogens
* Only exception is when two
pathogens are very closely related
* ex. Smallpox and Cowp

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5
Q

What is the memory

A

Result in a much stronger
response upon re-exposure
* Long term immunity –
possibly for life.

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6
Q

Explain the overview of the adaptive immunity

A

involves two general respond against antigens
Molecule often protein interact with adaptive immunity

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7
Q

What is a Exogenous antigens
and a exemple

A

Come from outside of t he cell

Ex. Bacteria,
viruses,
toxin

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8
Q

What is a Endogenous antigens

A

antigens
* Generated
inside a body
cell.

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9
Q

Briefly explain the Antibody mediate response
(Humoral response)

A

B cells
* Detect exogenous antigens and proliferate to form plasma cells
* Produce small
protective
molecules –
antibodies
(Ab)
Bind to the surface of bacteria, viruses toxin

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10
Q

What is the Cell-mediated response

A

Helper T cells (TH)
* Direct and assist adaptive immunity and upregulate innate immunity

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11
Q

What are Cytotoxic T cells
(TC) and example

A
  • Destroy
    abnormal
    body cells
    (detected via
    surface
    antigens)
  • Ex. Cells
    infected by
    viruses,
    cancer cells.
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12
Q

briefly explain the nature of antigens

A

Antigen-antibody generation:
molecule that induces antibody production, or binds to a
specific receptor on a B or T cell

Some antigens are
immunogenic
than others
* Ex. Proteins often elicit a strong
immune response.

Each antibody
recognizes only a small
part of the antigen
called an epitope
(antigenic determinant)

Bacteria foregoing particle has several antigens

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13
Q

Briefly explain The Nature of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

A
  • Y-shaped proteins that bind to
    antigens in a particular manner

Like a lock and key

Only antigens with the correct epitope will bind correctly

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14
Q

What is the antigen structure

A

2 light chains, and 2
Antibody
heavy chains,
Which has
two identical arms – Fab region (variable fragment)
* Each with an identical antigen binding site specific to one
Epitope

One stem – Fc region (constant fragment)
Binds to complement proteins, phagocytes, etc, allowing the
antibody to trigger other components of immunity.

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15
Q

How many steps are in the protective function of antibodies

A

6

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16
Q

Explain cross-linking (agglutination)

A
  1. Cross-linking (agglutination)
    * Antigens get stuck together
    * Reduces the number of infectious
    units to be dealt with
17
Q

Explain Neutralization

A
  1. Ab binds to and inactivates
    toxins, bacteria, viruses
    * Blocks attachment sites
18
Q

Explain Complement activation

A
  1. Ab binds bacteria – acts as starting
    point for complement pathway
    * MAC attack.
19
Q

Explain Opsonization

A
  1. Opsonization
    * Ab flags down phagocytic cells – to
    engulf and destroy the antigen
20
Q

Ab dependent cytotoxicity

A
  1. Ab flags down the immune system
    cells to destroy abnormal or
    infected body cells
21
Q

Immobilization and prevention of

A
  1. adherence
    * Ab binds to flagella to stop pathogen
    from moving
    * To pili to stop bacteria from
    colonizing.
22
Q

How many classes does the antibodies have

A

5

23
Q

What is IgG – immunoglobulin G

A

Most abundant
* Binds to antigen very strongly
Found in the blood – but can also enter
tissues in regions of inflammation
* Can cross placenta – confers passive
immunity to fetus

24
Q

What is IgM – immunoglobulin M:

A

Consist of 5 units of Ab – a pentamer
* Does not move as freely as IgG – IgM stays in
the blood
* Often attached to surface of B cells
* First Ab produced upon infection
Good at cross linking

25
Q

What is gA – immunoglobulin A and which tract does it protect

A
  • Consists of 2 units of Ab – a dimer
  • Also known as secretory Ab
  • Found in body secretions – saliva, mucous,
    tears, milk
  • Functions to protect mucosal surfaces
  • Protects the gastrointestinal tract of newborn
26
Q

What is IgD

A

Function unknown

27
Q

What is IgE

A

Found on the surface of certain immune system cells
* Mast cells and Basophils
* IgE binds antigen– the cell releases histamine
* Attracts complement and phagocytes to the area.
* Histamine is responsible for allergy symptoms.

28
Q

What cells are the first cell presented in the adaptive immune system the

A

. Lymphocytes
B – lymphocytes (B cells)
* Antibody-producing cells
* Involved in humoral immune response

29
Q

What is the second cell in the adaptive? immune response

A

T – lymphocytes (T cells)
* Helper T cells (TH cells)
* Help B and Tc cells prepare for an immune response
* Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
* Destroy abnormal body cells
* Ex. Cells infected by viruses and cancer cells.

30
Q

Explain the Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

A
  • Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
    1. Foreign material (ex. Bacterial cell) is engulfed by APC
    2. Antigen is processed and presented to helper T cells
  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  • Check to prevent the destruction of our own cells by mistake
    3. T cells become activated against foreign material.
31
Q

Explain The B-Cell Response: Humoral immunity

A
  • Each naïve B cell carries Ig for one epitope on its surface
  • Circulate in blood, and gather in lymphoid organs
  • If it encounters its specific epitope it will become activated
  • B cell receptor binds to the epitope on the antigen
  • Clonal selection (Cell recognizes “something”)
  • Antigen is phagocytized
  • Antigen is digested into small fragment
    Small fragments are presented on surface along with MHC
    class II to T-helper cells (TH)
  • If a TH recognizes the fragment as foreign it activates the B cell
    to multiply and differentiate
    – B cell undergoes clonal expansion. (Cell recognizes
    something useful and non-self and begins dividing to
    expand the population of this useful cell)
32
Q

What happens to the colonial expansion

A

Clonal expansion
* The activated B
cell divides and
differentiates

33
Q

Explain the diviosn of the colonial expansion

A
  1. Plasma cells
    * Ab-producing cells
    * Short life span,
    produce a lot of Ab
  2. Memory B cells
    * Long living: 20 –
    30 years
    * Circulate in blood
    * If it encounters Ag
    again it will
    quickly multiply
    and change into
    Ab producing
    plasma cells.
34
Q

What is the primary response of Immunologic memory

A
  1. Primary response
    * B cells produce low levels of Ab
    * Slow process – takes 7 – 14 days
    * IgM first, followed by IgG and IgA
    * Major outcome: memory is built
    for the antigen
35
Q

What is the secondary response Immunologic memory

A

Immunologic memory
2. Secondary response
* High levels of IgG
* Fast response time: takes 1 – 2
days
* Quickly overcomes the infection
* Memory cells are replenished

36
Q

What is The T cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

The T cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity
* TC (Cytotoxic T cells) – responsible for destroying abnormal cells
* Ex. cells infected by viruses or bacteria, cancer cells, foreign cells
* Recognize antigens presented along with MHC class I

37
Q

Explain the cell activation

A

T cell activation
* A dendritic cell engulfs
foreign antigen presents
antigen to a specific Tc
* Tc is activated to undergo
clonal expansion
* Produces:
* Memory T cells
* Cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTLs).

38
Q

What happens once the CTLS is activated

A

any body cell can serve as APC
* Endogenous antigen is presented on the cell surface along with
MHC class I
* CTL attaches to abnormal cells and releases:
* Granzymes – enzymes that induce apoptosis
(programmed cell death).
* Perforins – enzymes that poke holes in the abnormal cell’s
membrane

Microbiology (4 decks)

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