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Topnotch Pathology > The Blood Vessels > Flashcards

The Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

In these arteries, elastic fibers alternate in layers with smooth muscle cells. Examples are the common carotid artery, iliac arteries and pulmonary arteries.

A

Large or elastic arteries

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

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2
Q

In these arteries, tunica media is composed primarily of smooth muscle cells, with elastin limited to the internal and external elastic lamina. Examples are the coronaries and renal arteries.

A

Medium-sized or muscular arteries

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

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3
Q

These are the principal control points for regulation of physiologic resistance to blood flow.

A

Arterioles

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

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4
Q

These vessels are approximately the diameter of an RBC, have an endothelial cell lining but no media.

A

Capillaries

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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5
Q

Diameter of an RBC.

A

7-8 um

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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6
Q

These are thin-walled, endothelium lined channels that drain excess interstitial tissue fluid, returning it to blood via the thoracic duct.

A

Lymphatics

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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7
Q

These are small spherical dilatations, typically in the circle of Willis.

A

Developmental/berry aneurysms

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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8
Q

These are abnormal, typically small, direct connections between arteries and veins that bypass the intervening capillaries.

A

Arteriovenous fistulas

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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9
Q

Focal, irregular thickening of the walls of medium and large muscular arteries. Segments of the vessel wall are focally thickened by combination of irregular medial and intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis, causing luminal stenosis.

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

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10
Q

Literally means hardening of the arteries, term reflecting arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity, affecting small arteries and arterioles.

A

Arteriolosclerosis

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Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

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11
Q

Characterized by calcific deposits in muscular arteries, typical in persons older than 50 yrs old. The radiographically visible, palpable calcifications do not encroach on the vessel lumen, and are not clinically significant.

A

Mockenberg medial calcific sclerosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

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12
Q

Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas that protrude into vascular lumina.

A

Atherosclerosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

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13
Q

Three principal components of an atheromatous plaque.

A
  1. Cells (SM cells, macrophages, T cells)
  2. Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans)
  3. Intracellular and extracellular lipid

Fibrous cap, central lipid core, neovascularization

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344

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14
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. (4)

A

Increasing age
Male gender
Family history
Genetic abnormalities

(TOPNOTCH)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344

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14
Q

Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.

A

Fatty streaks

TOPNOTCH

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16
Q

Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.

A

Fatty streaks

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 349

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17
Q

Arrange in descending order, based on which blood vessel is most extensively involved in development of atherosclerosis.

Popliteal arteries, internal carotid arteries, circle of Willis, coronaries, abdominal aorta

A

Abdominal aorta > coronaries > popliteal arteries > internal carotid arteries > circle of Willis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 350

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18
Q

Fate of an atheromatous plaque wherein the luminal surface exposes the bloodstream to highly thrombogenic substances and induces thrombus formation.

A

Rupture, ulceration or erosion

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

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19
Q

Fate of an atheromatous plaque due to rupture of the overlying fibrous cap or the thin-walled vessels in the areas of neovascularization.

A

Hemorrhage

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

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20
Q

Fate of an atheromatous plaque causing discharge of debris into the bloodstream, producing microemboli composed of plaque contents.

A

Atheroembolism

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

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21
Q

Fate of an atherosclerotic plaque due to increased pressure or ischemic atrophy of the underlying media, with loss of elastic tissue, leading to weakness of the vessel wall.

A

Aneurysm formation

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

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22
Q

Most common cause of hypertension.

A

Idiopathic (essential hypertension)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 355

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23
Q

This vascular lesion consists of a homogenous pink hyaline thickening of the walls of arterioles with loss of underlying structural detail and with narrowing of the lumen. A major morphologic characteristic in benign nephrosclerosis.

A

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356

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24
Q

Characteristic of malignant hypertension, associated with “onion-skin” concentric, laminated, thickening of the walls of arterioles with luminal narrowing. These laminations consist of smooth muscle cells and thickened duplicated basement membrane.

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356

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24
Q

It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.

A

Aneurysm

TOPNOTCH

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26
Q

It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.

A

Aneurysm

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

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27
Q

Aneurysm which involves all three layers of the arterial wall, or the attenuated wall of the heart.

A

True aneurysm

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

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28
Q

A breach in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma that freely communicates with the intravascular space.

A

False aneurysm

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

29
Q

Arises when blood enters the wall of an artery, as a hematoma dissecting between its layers. Often, but not always aneurysmal in origin.

A

Arterial dissection

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

30
Q

Aneurysms which are spherical outpouchings, involving only a portion of the vessel wall, varying in size from 5-20cm in diameter and often contain thrombi.

A

Saccular aneurysms

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

31
Q

Aneurysms which involve diffuse, circumferential dilation of a long vascular segment, varies in diameter and length, and can involve extensive portions of the aortic arch, abdominal aorta,and iliacs.

A

Fusiform aneurysms

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

32
Q

Two most important causes of aortic aneurysms.

A

Atherosclerosis
Cystic medial degeneration of the arterial media

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

33
Q

Infection of a major artery that causes weakness to its wall.

A

Mycotic aneurysm

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

34
Q

This disease can more commonly affects men >50 years old. Lesion usually positioned below the renal arteries and above the aortic bifurcation. Can be saccular or fusiform.

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

35
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm characterized by dense periaortic fibrosis containing abundant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with manybmacrophages and often giant cells.

A

Inflammatory AAA

(TOPNOTCH

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

36
Q

Atherosclerotic lesions infected by lodging of circulating microorganisms in the wall, particularly in the setting of bacteremia from a Salmonella gastroenteritis. Suppuration further destroys the media, potentiating rapid dilation and rupture.

A

Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

37
Q

Small blood vessels and vasa vasorum show luminal narrowing and obliteration (obliterative endarteritis), scarring of the vessel wall and a dense surrounding rim of lymphocytes and plasma cells that may extend into the media. Characteristic of the tertiary stage of syphilis.

A

Syphilitic aortitis

(TOPNOTCH

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 359

38
Q

Most common point of origin of an aortic dissection.

A

Ascending aorta, 10 cms from the aortic valve

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 360

39
Q

Most frequent pre-existing histologically detectable lesion in aortic dissection, characterized by elastic tissue fragmentation and separation of the elastic and smooth muscle cell elements of the media by cystic spaces filled with amorphous proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix.

A

Cystic medial degeneration

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

40
Q

Classification of aortic dissection involving either them ascending aorta only or both the ascending and descending aorta.

A

Type A dissections (proximal)
Type I DeBakey - ascending aorta only
Type II DeBakey - ascending and descending aorta

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

41
Q

Classification of aortic dissections involving the descending aorta only, usually distal to the subclavian artery.

A

Type B dissection / type III DeBakey

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

42
Q

Granulomatous inflammation frequently involving the temporal artery, occuring in patients >50 years old, associated with polymyalgia rheumatica.

A

Giant cell (Temporal) arteritis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 363

43
Q

Granulomatous inflammation usually occuring in patients younger than 50 years old. Classically involves the aortic arch, with intimal hyperplasia and irregular thickening of the vessel wall. Origin of great vessels are obliterated causing weakness of peripheral pulses.

A

Takayasu arteritis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

44
Q

Used to distinguish between giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis of the aorta.

A

Age of patient
40 Giant cell arteritis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

45
Q

In this disease, affected blood vessels develop nodular intimal thickening, granulomatous inflammation within the inner media centered on the internal elastic membrane, and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. Typically involves temporal and ophthalmic arteries.

A

Giant - cell/Temporal arteritis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

46
Q

A systemic vasculitis causing transmural necrotizing inflammation of small to medium sized vessels, with mixed infiltvrate of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells, frequently accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis.
Typically involves renal arteries but spares pulmonary vessels.

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 365

47
Q

Arteritis associated with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which usually occurs in children. Coronary arteries can be involved with aneurysm formation or thrombosis. Fibrinoid necrosis usually less prominent.

A

Kawasaki disease

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 366

48
Q

Granulomatous inflammation involving the respiratory tract and necrotizing vasculitis affecting small vessels, including cresencteric glomerulonephritis. Associated with c-ANCA.

A

Wegener granulomatosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 367

49
Q

A necrotizing vasculitis that generally affects capillaries, arterioles and venules, with few or no immune deposits. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis are common. Associated with p-ANCA.

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

50
Q

Eosinophil-rich and granulomatous inflammation involving the respiratory tract and necrotizing vasculitis affecting small vessels. Associated with asthma and blood eosinophilia. Associated with p-ANCA.

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

51
Q

Characterized by sharply segmental avute and chronic vasculitis of medium sized and small arteries, predominantly of the extremities. There is acute and chronic inflammation accompanied by luminal thrombosis, containing microabscess composed of neutrophils surrounded by granulomatous inflammation. Stromg relationship with cigarette smoking.

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

52
Q

Results from an exaggerated vasoconstriction of digital arteries and arterioles, inducing paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of the hands and feet.

A

Raynaud phenomenon

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 369

53
Q

Reflects an exaggeration of central and local vasomotor responses to cold or emotion. Structural changes in the arterial walls are absent except late in course when intimal thickening can appear.

A

Primary Raynaud phenomenon (Raynaud disease)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 369

54
Q

Reflects vascular insufficiency of the extremities in the context of arterial disease caused by other entities including SLE, Buerger disease, or atherosclerosis.

A

Secondary Raynaud phenomenon

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

55
Q

Abnormally dilated, tortous veins produced by prolonged increase in intraluminal pressure and loss of vessel wall support. Veins show wall thinning at the points of maximal dilation with smooth muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis. Focal thrombosis and venous valve deformities are common.

A

Varicose veins

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

56
Q

Most common blood vessels involved in development of varicose veins.

A

Superficial veins of the upper and lower leg

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

57
Q

Three sites of varices produced in the presence of portal hypertension.

A 
GEJ (Esophageal varices)
Rectum (Hemorrhoids)
Periumbillical veins (Caput medusae)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

58
Q

Common and serious complication of of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

A

Pulmonary embolism

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 371

59
Q

The acute inflammation elicited when bacterial infections spread into and through the lymphatics.

A

Lymphangitis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 371

60
Q

These are bright red to blue lesions, that vary from a few millimeters tomseveral centimeters in diameter. Unencapsulated aggregates of closely packed, thin-walled capillaries, usually blood-filled and lined by flattened endothelium. Vessels are separated by scant connective tissue stroma.

A

Capillary hemangiomas

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 372

61
Q

Appears as red-blue, soft, spongy masses 1-2 cm in diameter, which can affect large subcutaneous areas of the face, extremities, and othe body regions. Mass is sharply defined but not encapsulated, composed of large, cavernous, blood-filled spaces.

A

Cavernous hemangioma

(TOPNOTCH

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 372

62
Q

This form of capillar hemangioma is a rapidly growing peduncular red nodule on the skin, gingival, or oral mucosa, bleeds easily and is often ulcerated.

A

Pyogenic granuloma

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

63
Q

These are round, slightly elevated, red-blue firm nodules, less than 1 cm diameter that can resemble a minute focus of hemorrhage UNDER THE NAIL. Histologically, these are aggregates, nests, and masses of tumor cells intimately associated with branching vascular channels.

A

Glomus tumor (Glomangioma)

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

64
Q

A specialized arteriovenous structure involved in thermoregulation.

A

Glomus body

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

65
Q

This lesion is the ordinary “birthmark” and is the most common form of ectasia. Characteristically a flat lesion on the head or neck, ranging in color from light pink to deep purple.

A

Nevus flammeus

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

66
Q

This non-neoplastic vascular lesion grossly resembles a spider. There is radial, often pulsatile array of dilated subcutaneous arteries or arterioles about a central core, that blanches when pressure is applied to its center.

A

Spider telangiectasia

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

67
Q

An opportunistic infection in immunocompromised persons that manifest as vascular proliferations involving skin, bone, brain and other organs. Characterized grossly by red papules and nodules, or rounded subcutaneous masses. Histologically, there is capillary proliferation with prominent epitheloid EC’s showing nuclear atypia and mitoses. Lesions contain stromal neutrophils, nuclear dust nd purplish granular material.

A

Bacillary angiomatosis

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

68
Q

Common in patients with AIDS, caused by HHV 8, causing skin lesions ranging from patches, plaques to nodules.

A

Kaposi sarcoma

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 375

69
Q

These are malignant endothelial neoplasms, with varying histology from plump, anaplastic but recognizable endothelial cells producing vascular channels to widely undifferentiated tumors having solid, spindle cell appearance and producing nondefinite blood vessels.

A

Angiosarcoma

(TOPNOTCH)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 376

Topnotch Pathology (25 decks)

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