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PHLEBOTOMY 102 > THE BLOOD > Flashcards

THE BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular fluid that transports nutrients, wastes products, gases and hormones through the circulatory system.

A

Blood

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2
Q

What is the normal blood volume of average adults?

A

5 – 6 L

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3
Q

study of blood

A

Hematology

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4
Q

specialists in blood disorders.

A

Hematologists

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5
Q

How many percent id the formed elements?

A

45%

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6
Q

3 types under the formed elements of blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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7
Q

2 kinds under the gas of blood?

A

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide

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8
Q

How many percent of liquid is in the blood?

A

55 % (91% H2O, 9% dissolved subs)

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9
Q

2 types under the liquid of blood

A

Plasma
Serum

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10
Q

Liquid portion of the clotted blood. It consists of albumin and globulin. It has no fibrinogen

A

Serum

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11
Q

Liquid portion of the unclotted blood. It consists of fibrinogen, albumin and globulin. Obtained by the use of anticoagulant

A

Plasma

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12
Q

Anuclear; biconcave disks

A

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

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13
Q

What is the size range of RBC?

A

6 – 8 microns (average of 7.2 microns)

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14
Q

Why RBCs are red?

A

The red color of RBC is because of Hemoglobin which is responsible for transporting O2 and CO2

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15
Q

What are the two parts that consists in Hemoglobin?

A

Heme (that contains iron)
Globin

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16
Q

Where is the production and maturation site of RBC?

A

Bone Marrow

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17
Q

What is the reference value of RBC?

A

4.5 - 6.0 million / uL of blood. Men have higher values than women.

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18
Q

How many days is the life span of RBC?

A

120 day

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19
Q

Where is the graveyard of RBC?

A

Liver and Spleen. Destroyed by macrophages but the iron is reused in new cells.

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20
Q

The surface of red blood cells contain what?

A

Antigen

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21
Q

What are the four possible ABO antigens?

A

A antigen
B antigen
Both A and B antigens
Neither A nor B antigen

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22
Q

The plasma contains what?

A

Antibodies

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23
Q

What are the four possible ABO antibodies

A

Antibody A
Antibody B
Both anti - A and anti - B
Neither anti - A nor anti - B

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24
Q

What is the antigen and antibody of type A?

A

A antigen and antibody B

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25
Q

What is the antigen and antibody of type B?

A

B antigen and antibody A

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26
Q

What is the antigen and antibody of type AB?

A

A and B antigens and no antibody

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27
Q

What is the antigen and antibody of type O?

A

No antigen; antibody A and B

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28
Q

Occurs when a person receives a different group of blood because a person’s natural antibody will destroy the donor RBC’s that contain the antigen specific for the antibodies.

A

Transfusion Reaction

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29
Q

To avoid transfusion reaction, what should we do?

A

To avoid such reactions, patients must only receive group - specific blood type.

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30
Q

What is the antigen and antibody for Rh (+)?

A

D antigen and no antibody

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31
Q

What is the antigen and antibody for Rh (-)?

A

no antigen and no antibody

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32
Q

What is the function of Leukocytes or White Blood Cells?

A

Provide immunity thru production of antibodies and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

33
Q

Where are the WBCs produced?

A

Produced in the bone marrow

34
Q

What is the reference value of WBC?

A

4,500 - 11,000 per uL of blood

35
Q

What are the differential white blood cell count?

A

Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophils
Basophils

36
Q

What types of WBC are under of Granulocytes (distinct granules)?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

37
Q

bluish - black granules; large granules that obscure the cytoplasm

38
Q

orange - red granules (2 - 3 lobes)

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

Lilac granules (3-5 lobes)

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

What types of WBC are under of Agranulocytes (not so distinct granules)?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

41
Q

almost the same size with RBC; round nucleus almost covering the entire cell.

A

Lymphocytes

42
Q

kidney/ bean/ horse - shoe nucleus (largest wbc)

43
Q

40-60%; increased in bacterial infection or acute diseases.

A

Neutrophil

44
Q

20-40%; increased in viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

45
Q

3-8%; increased in cases of chronic infections

46
Q

1-3%; increased in cases of parasitic/ infections/ allergies

A

Eosinophil

47
Q

0-1%; increased in cases of allergies

48
Q

Describe the appearance of platelets

A

Anucleate cells
Measure 2-4 microns (2-4 um) in diameter
small; irregularly - shaped

49
Q

What is the cellular origin of platelets?

A

Cellular fragments of megakaryocytes; 1 megakaryocytes = 2000-4000 platelets

50
Q

How many days is the life span of platelets?

51
Q

What is the reference value of platelets?

A

140,000 – 440,000 per uL of blood.

52
Q

What are the main function of platelets?

A

Prevents bleeding by forming temporary platelet plug.
Play a vital role in blood clotting process.

53
Q

Hemostasis is a complex mechanism that involves of what?

A

Blood vessels
Platelets
Coagulation / Clotting factors

54
Q

the process of forming a blood clot to stop the leakage of blood whenever there is an injury to the blood vessel.

A

Hemostasis

55
Q

What happen in stage 1 or in the primary hemostasis?

A

Blood vessels and platelets respond to injury
Blood vessels constrict to slow the flow of blood to the injured area (vessel spasm)
Platelets become sticky; clump together (platelet aggregation) and adhere to the injured vessel wall (platelet adhesion) to form a temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding.

56
Q

What happen in stage 2 or in the secondary hemostasis?

A

Activation of coagulation cascade that initiate formation of fibrin strands to strengthen the platelet plug by forming a fibrin clot.

57
Q

What happen in stage 3 of hemostasis?

A

The last factor in the coagulation cascade (Factor XIII) stabilizes the fibrin clot.
This produces retraction (tightening of the clot)

58
Q

What happen in stage 4 of hemostasis?

A

After the injury to the blood vessel has healed; the process of fibrinolysis degrades the fibrin clot into fibrin degradation products (FDP’s).

59
Q

bulge formed by a weakness in the wall of a blood vessel; usually an artery that can burst and cause severe hemorrhage.

60
Q

Hardening of the artery walls contributing to aneurysm or stroke.

A

Arteriosclerosis

61
Q

Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by accumulation of lipids and other materials in the walls of arteries causing the lumen of the vessel to narrow and stimulate clot formation.

A

Atherosclerosis

62
Q

Moving clot that can obstruct a blood vessel

63
Q

Inflammation of the vein wall causing pain and tenderness.

64
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a stationary blood clot.

A

Thrombosis

65
Q

Swollen peripheral veins caused by damage valves allowing backflow of the blood causing edema (swelling) in the tissues.

A

Varicose Veins

66
Q

Sharp chest pain caused by decrease blood flow to the heart usually because of an obstruction in the coronary arteries.

A

Angina Pectoris

67
Q

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus epidermidis)

A

Bacterial Endocarditis

68
Q

Impairs the ability of the heart to pump blood efficiently, causing fluid accumulation in the lungs and tissues.

A

Congestive Heart Failure

69
Q

Death (necrosis) of the heart muscle caused by lack of oxygen to the myocardium because of an occluded artery. Commonly known as heart attack.

A

Myocardial Infarction

70
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium of the heart caused by bacteria, viruses, trauma or malignancy.

A

Pericarditis

71
Q

Autoimmune disorder affecting heart tissue following a streptococcal infection.

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

72
Q

Decrease RBC count or hemoglobin in the circulating blood

73
Q

Increased WBC in the bone marrow and circulating blood.

74
Q

Increased WBC or leukocytes in the circulating blood as seen in infections.

A

Leukocytosis

75
Q

Decreased WBC or leukocytes in the blood often caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy

A

Leukocytopenia/ Leukopenia

76
Q

Increased RBC count causing blood to be viscous

A

Polycythemia Vera

77
Q

Decreased number of circulating platelets, frequently seen in patients receiving chemotherapy, with dengue hemorrhagic fever; spontaneous bleeding can result

A

Thrombocytopenia

78
Q

Increased number of circulating platelets

A

Thrombocytosis

PHLEBOTOMY 102 (2 decks)

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