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Ageing systems physiology > The biology of cellular ageing > Flashcards

The biology of cellular ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensescence?

A

The decline of fitness components of an individual with increasing age, owing to internal deterioration

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2
Q

What is gerontology?

A

The scientific study of the biologial, psychological and sociological phenomena accociated with old age and ageing

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3
Q

What is geriatrics?

A
  • Branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems specific to the aged
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4
Q

What is biogerontology?

A
  • The study of the biology of ageing and longevity
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5
Q

What does sensescence/ normal ageing refer to?

A
  • Gradual, time related alterated to biological process that takes place as degenerative processes obertake regenerative or growth processes
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of ageing/ senescence?

A
  • Universal process (All systems in body)
  • Changes arise within the organism itself
  • Process occurs slowly
  • processes contribute to physiological defecits
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7
Q

What are some biological changes in ageing?

A
  • Endocrine function
  • Glucose regulation
  • Immune system
  • Brain function
  • CV health
  • Muscle and SKM health
  • Oxidative stress
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8
Q

What are some changes in physical appearance with ageing?

A
  • Hair loss
  • Graying of hair
  • caused by destruction of the germ centres that produce hair follicles
  • Women can develop patches of hair on their face
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9
Q

What can lead to hair growth in women when ageing?

A
  • Menopause
  • More DHEA or androgens produced
  • Causes an increase in facial hair or hirsutism
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10
Q

What causes skin to change during ageing?

A

Wrinkles:
1.) Outer later of skin becomes thinner through cell loss
2. Collagen fibres that make up the connective tissue lose much of their flexibility. Skin is less able to regain its shape after a pinch
3. Elastin fibres in the middle of the layer of skin lose their ability to keep the skin stretched out
4. Underlying layer of fat, which helps provide padding to smooth out the contours, diminishes

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11
Q

What are some changes in body build during ageing?

A
  • Decrease in height
  • Fluctuations in weight ans shifts in body composition
  • Muscle atrophy
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12
Q

What are some changes in the SKM system?

A
  • Loss of bone
  • Osteoporosis - defined as a decrease in bone mass and strength
  • Osteoarthritis - degenerative joint disease
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13
Q

What are some changes in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • main function of the heart is pumping blood
  • Age related changes in the heart structure
  • Accumulation of fat deposits
  • Stiffening of the heart muscle due to tissue changes
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14
Q

What are some cv diseases?

A
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Angina
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Hypertension
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15
Q

What are changes in the respiratory system?

A
  • structural and functional
  • With increasing age, the rib cage and air passageways become stiffer
  • Changes in the max amount of air we can take into the lungs in a single breath
  • Respiratory disease
  • Emphysema
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16
Q

What are some changes in the immune system?

A

Older adults’ immune systems take longer to build up defense against specific disease

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17
Q

What are some changes in the reproductive system in older women?

A
  • Loss of ability to bear children
  • Menstrual cycles become irregular (40s), by age 50-55 it is usually complete - menopause
  • Variety of physical and psychological symptoms
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18
Q

What are some changes in the reproductive system in older men?

A
  • Do not have a physiological and cultural event to mark reproductive changes
  • Do experience a normative decline in the quantitiy of sperm
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19
Q

What are some changes in the sensory systems in the elderly?

A
  • Changes in visual functioning :
  • changes in the structures of the eye - diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma
  • Changes in the retina:
  • usually begin in 50s
  • Disease : macular degenertation and diabetic retinopathy
20
Q

How is hearing affected during ageing?

A
  • Tinnitus
  • Hearing loss - greates for high pitched tones- presbycusis
21
Q

What are some other sensory changes in ageing?

A
  • Taste ability changes
  • Smell - ability to detect ofours
  • Touch changes with ageing
22
Q

What are some changes in the digestive system in ageing?

A
  • Intestine
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
23
Q

What are some changes in the brain with ageing?>

A
  • Structural changes in the neuron
  • Alzheimer’s disease
24
Q

What are some molecular gene theories?

A
  • Codon restriction
  • Somatic mutation
  • Gene regulation
25
Q

What are some cellular theories?

A
  • Free radical theory
  • Wear and tear theory
  • Apoptosis
  • Sensecence
  • telemore loss (replicative senescene)
  • cellular stress ( cellular senescence)
26
Q
A
27
Q

What are system theories?

A
  • Rate of living theory
  • Neuro endocrine theory
  • Immunologic theory
28
Q

What are some evolutionary theories?

A
  • Disposable soma
  • Anatgonistic peliotropy
  • Mutation accumulation
29
Q

What is codon restriction?

A

Fidelity/ accuracy of mRNA translation is impaired due to inability to decode codons in mRNA

30
Q

What is error catastrophe?

A
  • Fidelity of gene expression declines with age, resulting in increased fraction of abnormal proteins
31
Q

What is somatic mutation?

A
  • Accumulation of molecular damage, primarily to DNA/genetic material
32
Q

What is dys-differentation?

A

Gradual aacuulation of random molecular damage impairs regulation of gene expression

33
Q

What is gene regulation?

A
  • Ageing caused by changes in gene expression regulating both ageing and development
  • Gene expression protein folding and activity
34
Q

What are free radicals?

A
  • oxidatice metabolism produces reactive free radicals that subsequently damage protein and DNA. Mitochondiral DNA damage
35
Q
A
36
Q

What is wear and tear?

A

Accumulation of normal injury

37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death resulting from intrinsic damage and genetically determined events or genome crisis

38
Q

What causes cell senecence?

A
  • Telomere shortening
  • Somactic cells usually lack telomerase activity, telomeres shorten with each cell division
  • Cultured cells may go into crisis as the result of reaching zero telomere length
  • Reactivation of telomerase enables cells to survive crisis and to become immortal
39
Q

What are system theories relating to ageing?

A
  • Rate of living
  • Neuroendocrine
  • Immunologic
40
Q

What is the rate of living theory?

A
  • Assumes a fixed amount of metabolic potential for every living orgainism (live fast, die young)
41
Q

What are the neuroendocrine theories of ageing?

A

Alterations in neuroendocrine control of homeostasis results in age related physiological changes

42
Q

What is the immunological theory of ageing?

A

Decline of immune function with age results in increased incidence of disease

43
Q

What are evolutionary theories of ageing?

A
  • Disposable soma
  • Antagoistic Pleiotropy
  • Mutation Accumulation
44
Q

What is the disposable soma theory?

A
  • Somatic cells are mainatined only to ensure continued reproductive success, follwoing reproduction the soma is disposable
45
Q

What is antagonistic pleiotropy?

A
  • Genes that are benefical at younger ages are deleterious at older ages
46
Q

What is the mutation accumulation theory?

A
  • Mutations that affect health at older ages are not selected against

Ageing systems physiology (8 decks)

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