The biological hallmarks of cancer Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer
A
- evading growth suppressors
- avoiding immune destruction
- enabling replicative immortality
- tumour-promoting inflammation
- activating invasion and metastasis
- inducing angiogenesis
- genome instability and mutation
- resisting cell death
- deregulating cellular energetics
- sustaining proliferative signalling
2
Q
What are the major changes in cancer
A
- increased growth
- failure to undergo apoptosis
- loss of differentiation
- failure to repair DNA damage - chromosomal instability
3
Q
How does the immune response respond to cancer
A
- protect from virus-induced tumours
- eliminate pathogens
- immune surveillance
4
Q
What are the 3 E’s in cancer immunoediting?
A
- elimination
- equilibrium
- escape
5
Q
Describe elimination
A
the immune system is able to eradicate developing tumours
6
Q
Describe elimination
A
incomplete removal results in tumour cells remaining dormant and entering equilibrium. Immune system exerts a potent and relentless pressure that contains the tumour. During this phase some of the tumour may mutate or give rise to genetic variants that survive, grow and enter he next phase
7
Q
Describe escape
A
the expanding tumour populations becomes clinically detectable
