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anth 225 > The Biological Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Biological Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms of life that Evolution is grounded in? (4)

(…genetic information, transmission…)

A
  • Cells
  • Cell Replication
  • Replication and decoding of genetic information
  • Transmission of this information between generations
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2
Q

Why do cells and DNA matter?

A

To examine how life is organized at the cellular and molecular level

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3
Q

Cytology

A

The branch of science that specializes in cell biology

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4
Q

Cytologenetics

A

Study of the hereditary mechanisms within cells

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5
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life in all organisms
(Smallest entities capable of self-reproduction)

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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single-celled organisms

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7
Q

When did Prokaryotes first appear on Earth

A

3.7 billion years ago

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8
Q

Prokaryotes are enclosed by a _____

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

Prokaryotes have no _____ and _____

A

membrane around the nucleus and no membranous organelles

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10
Q

In Prokaryotes, genetic information is in direct contact with the ______

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid-filled space within the cell

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

More complex cells (including fungi, plants, animals, and humans)

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13
Q

When did Eukaryotes first appear on Earth?

A

1.2 billion years ago

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14
Q

Special Characterstic of the Cell Membrane in Eukaryotes

A

(Active component of cellular function) Controls the exchange of materials with external environment

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15
Q

Cell Coat Characteristics (2)

A
  • Consists of glycoproteins and polysaccarides
  • Provide the cell with its biochemical identity
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16
Q

Nucleus Characteristics (3)

A
  • One of the most important organelles
  • Bound by a membrane in Eukaryotic cells
  • Contains DNA
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17
Q

Function of Organelles

A

Divide the cell into a number of functional compartments

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (2)

(network of…, site of…)

A
  • Network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm
    *looks like folded sheets
  • Site of protein synthesis
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19
Q

Ribosomes (2)

(comprised of what?)

A
  • Comprised of RNA
  • Studded on outer surface of ER
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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus (3)

(what is it made of, …proteins, source of…)

A
  • Clusters of flattened membrane sacs
  • Modify + distribute proteins synthesized by the ER
  • Source of membranes for other organelles
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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy in the cell by converting energy in food into ATP (main fuel of cells)

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22
Q

Protein membrane around mitochondria

A

Proteins produced by DNA

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23
Q

Centrioles

A

Important for organization of spindle fibers that function in cellular division

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24
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

In specialized region of cytoplasm called the Centrosome

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25
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Make up the cellular composition of the body

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26
Q

Sex Cells (Gametes)

A

Cells specifically involved in reproduction

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27
Q

Gamete Function (2)

A
  • To unite with a sex cell from another individual to form a zygote
  • transmit genetic information from parent to offspring
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28
Q

2 Types of Gametes

A
  • Ova (eggs)
  • Sperm
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29
Q

Cell Division

A

The process that results in production of new cells

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30
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The sequence of events from one division to another

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31
Q

Interphase

when ________ processes occur

A
  • The period between cell division
  • When basic metabolic processes and other activities occur
    *much of the cell’s existence is spent in this phase
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32
Q

3 Phases of Interphase

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
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33
Q

Gap 1 (G1) Phase

A

Begins immediately after a division

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34
Q

G1 Characteristics (3)

A
  • Cell’s DNA exists as chromatin
  • Cell size doubles
  • Cell replaces cellular organelles lost during division
35
Q

Chromatin

A

uncoiled, long strands of DNA

36
Q

S Phase

A

DNA/chromatin is duplicated

37
Q

G2 Phase

A

Period of Growth

38
Q

When does the cell undergo cell division?

A

At the end of G2 phase

39
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic Cell Division

40
Q

Mitosis Characteristics (2)

A
  • “Simple” Cell division
  • Divides once to produce 2 daughter cells
41
Q

Daughter Cells

A

Genetically identical to each other and the original cell

42
Q

Diploid

A

Complement of chromosomes in humans (46)

43
Q

4 Phases of Mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
44
Q

Prophase Characteristics (4)

A
  • Chromosomes coil and become visible
  • Duplicated chromosomes join at the centromere
  • Nuclear membranes begin to breakdown
  • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
45
Q

Metaphase Characteristics (3)

(something disappears, movement, attachment)

A
  • Begins when nuclear membrane fully disappears
  • Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell
  • Spindle fibers attach at the centromeres
46
Q

Anaphase Characteristics (3)

A
  • Spindle fibers contract
  • Duplicated chromosomes split at the centromere
  • Identical chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
47
Q

Telophase Characteristics (4)

A
  • Spindle fibers break down
  • The ER forms 2 new nuclear membranes
  • Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin
  • Cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
48
Q

Meiosis

A

Leads to the development of new individuals by producing reproductive cells or gametes

49
Q

Where does Meiosis occur specifically?

A

In the testes of males and the ovaries of females

50
Q

Result of Meiosis

A

2 Divisions that result in 4 daughter cells that each half 23 chromosomes

51
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes in humans (23)

52
Q

Meiosis Phases (8)

A
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
53
Q

Prophase I Characteristics (4)

A
  • Chromosomes coil and become visible
  • Duplicated chromosome join at the centromere
  • Nuclear membrane begins to break down
  • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
54
Q

Recombination (crossing over)

A

Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes

55
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A set of maternal and paternal chromosomes that pair up with each other during fertilization

56
Q

Metaphase I Characteristics (3)

A
  • Begins when nuclear membrane fully disappears
  • Chromosomes align at cell equator
  • Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
57
Q

Anaphase I Characteristics (3)

A
  • Spindle fibers contract and make duplicated chromosomes split at the centromere
  • Identical chromosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell
  • Complete set of chromosomes at each pole of the cell
58
Q

Telophase I Characteristics (4)

A
  • Spindle fibers break down
  • The ER forms 2 new nuclear membranes
  • Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin
  • Cell divides into 2 cells
59
Q

Prophase II Characteristics (2)

A
  • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
  • Nuclear membranes begin to disappear around both nuclei
60
Q

Metaphase II Characteristics (3)

A
  • Nuclear membrane disappears
  • Chromosomes align on cell equator
  • Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome
61
Q

Anaphase II Characteristics (2)

A
  • Spindle fibers contract splitting the centromeres (separate homologous chromosomes)
  • Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
62
Q

Telophase II Characteristics (3)

A
  • Haploid sets of daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles
  • Nuclear membranes re-form
  • Cells undergo second meiotic division
63
Q

Final result of Meiosis

A

4 Haploid daughter cells, each with one copy of each chromosomes

64
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Meiosis of cells that result in formation of ova and spermatozoa

65
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Meiotic process in male testes

66
Q

Spermatogenesis Characteristics (2)

A
  • Spermatogonia (germ cells) produce daughter cells (called spermatocytes)
  • Spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells (called spermatids)
67
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis last?

A

48 Days:
- 16 for Meiosis I
- 16 for Meiosis II
- 16 for conversion into mature sperm

68
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of gametes in the ovaries

69
Q

Oogonia

(____ that produce through ____)

A

Germ cells that divide by meiosis to produce primary oocytes

70
Q

What does the first meiotic division produce in Oogenesis?

(hint: 2 things)

A

Primary oocyte and Polar Body

71
Q

Primary Oocyte

(what does it contain?)

A

large cell that contains 95% of cytoplasm

72
Q

Polar Body

A

Other smaller cell

73
Q

What does the second meiotic division produce in Oogenesis?

(hint: 4 things)

A

Ovum and 3 polar bodies

74
Q

What is unique about the polar bodies at the end of the 2nd meiotic division in Oogenesis?

A

They have almost no cytoplasm and cannot function as gametes

75
Q

Karyotype

A

All the chromosomes in a cell that are examined through a photograph

76
Q

How are chromosomes organized in a Karyotype

A

By chromosome size and centromere location

77
Q

4 Classes of Chromosomes

(____tric)

A
  • Metacentric
  • Submetric
  • Acrocentric
  • Teleocentric
78
Q

Metacentric Chromosome

A

Centromere is approximately in the center

79
Q

Submetric Chromosome

A

Centromere to one side of chromosome center
*arms of unequal length

80
Q

Acrocentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere near one end
*arms of very unequal length

81
Q

Teleocentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere at the very tip of chromosomes
*not present in human karyotype

82
Q

Short arm

A

p arm (petite arm)

83
Q

Long Arm

A

q arm

anth 225 (8 decks)

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