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Oceanography > The Benthic Realm > Flashcards

The Benthic Realm Flashcards

1
Q

Phytobenthos

A

Plants and algae living in seafloor ecosystems

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2
Q

Zoobenthos

A

Animals living in seafloor ecosystems

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3
Q

Photic zone

A

<200m

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4
Q

% of primary production contributed by phytobenthos

A

15-20%

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5
Q

Examples of phytobenthos

A

Plants, macroalgae(seaweed) , microalgae )diatoms, photosynthetic bacteria

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6
Q

Examples of zoobenthos

A

Scavengers, filters, deposit feeders, sea sponge

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7
Q

Epibenthic/epifauna

A

Live on the sediment - 80% of larger benthic species

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8
Q

Endobenthic/infauna

A

Live in the sediment

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9
Q

Macrozoobenthos

A

> 1mm
e.g. polychaete worms (endobenthic)
e.g. Mollusca (epi/endobenthic)
e.g. lobster, shrimps atc

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10
Q

Meioizoobenthos

A

0.032-1mm
e.g nematode worms
e.g. Copepods
e.g. benthic foraminifera

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11
Q

Microzoobenthos

A

= microscopic benthic organisms <0.032mm e.g. bacteria

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12
Q

Controlling factors of benthic habitat distribution

A
  • Light
  • Nutrients and food availability
  • Temperature
  • Salinity
  • Substrate type: rock,sand/mud
  • Competition
  • Predation
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13
Q

Substrate type- Mud

A

Home to deposit feeders

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14
Q

Substrate type- Gravel

A

Home to filter feeders

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15
Q

Macoma Community

A
  • Muddy substrate
  • Deposit feeders
  • Snails and worms
    _ Different types of bivalves
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16
Q

Venus Community

A
  • Sandy substrate
  • Filter feeding bivalves
  • More bivalves (hard shells )
  • Fewer worms
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17
Q

Benefits of bioturbation

A

Increases sediment surface area- gas and nutrient exchange and supplies oxygen to deeper layers

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18
Q

Benthic intertidal environment

A

The defining characteristic of the intertidal zone is the daily inundation and exposure by tides. Organisms living here must be able to tolerate periods of submergence and desiccation (drying out). E.g. rocky shores (barnacles, sea urchins), sandy beaches(sand crabs ) , salt marshes (cordgrass, periwinkles)

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19
Q

Continental shelf benthic ecosystem

A

= transition zone between thick continental crust and thin oceanic crust 200-4000m
= Coral reefs, seamounts and canyons

20
Q

Corals - Hermatypic

A
  • Corals secrete CaCO3 skeletons
  • Reef-building stony corals
  • Contain zooxanthellae
    Shallow, upper photic zone
21
Q

Corals- Ahermatypic

A
  • Not reef building- soft corals
  • Only a small number have zooxanthellae
    More widespread and can occur in cooler, deeper waters below photic zone
22
Q

Tropical Coral

A

Thrive in tropical ocean waters >20C- clear waters; low turbidity and nutrient inputs

23
Q

Structure of coral reef

A

organic structure constructed by animals and algae that secrete CaCO3

24
Q

Reef wall/face

A

Has the highest diversity of corals at 20-40m

25
Q

Lagoon

A

Highest species diversity eg. clams, oysters, worms, lobsters and crabs

26
Q

Buttress zone

A

Helps to disperse the energy of incoming waves

27
Q

Hermatypic Corals

A
  • Form compact colonies of many genetically identical polyps
  • Colonies secrete a skeleton over many generations
28
Q

Coral structure

A

Corals= animals. Polyps= animal parts

29
Q

Corallite

A
  • CaCO3 exoskeleton
  • Corallite builds up and forms reefs, living on top of dead
30
Q

Coral symbiosis- zooxanthellae

A

–>Zooxanthellae provide food through photosynthesis and support coral growth
–> Coral provide habitat and nutrients for zooxanthellae
–> 60% of organic matter provided by zooxanthellae is utilised by the coral

31
Q

Unicellular algae

A

Dinoflagellates (primary producers, endosymbionts)

32
Q

Where are zooxanthellae located

A

Embedded in outer layers of coral polyp tissue

33
Q

What do coral reefs support?

A

Symbiotic relationships and efficient nutrient cycling

34
Q

Cold water corals

A

Can be hermatypic or ahermatypic
e.g. soft corals, cold water stony corals
–> Cold/deep water corals
(deep species don’t have zooxanthellae)

35
Q

Ahermatypic Corals

A

= Soft corals (lacking a hard skeleton)
–> Supporting stem of fleshy tissue reinforced by a matrix of microscopic calcareous particles

36
Q

Deep water corals

A

–> highly diverse- hermatypic/ahermatypic
–> Some form reefs but most form mounds/ patches banks ( less diverse)

37
Q

Global distribution of cold water corals

A

Widely distributed with large reefs/beds in the N and S Atlantic, N and S Pacific and the tropics/polar regions

38
Q

Deep Sea benthic ecosystems

A
  • Flux of organic matter from water column
  • Marine snow
  • Turbidity currents
39
Q

Highest benthic biomass

A

Continental shelves

40
Q

Lowest benthic Biomass

A

Under mid-ocean gyres

41
Q

Volcanic hydrothermal vent ecosystems

A

Occur mostly along ocean spreading ridges at abyssal depths

42
Q

Substances released from black smokers

A

Hydrogen, sulphide (H2S), hydrogen ammonia and methane

43
Q

What processes occur at black smokers?

A

Chemosynthesis and anaerobic respiration

44
Q

Hydrothermal vent water

A

Rich in dissolved minerals which supports large populations of chemosynthetic prokaryotes

45
Q

Tube worms

A

Symbiotic relationships with bacteria living in the trophosome of the tube worm, which provides essential nutrients from the plume, as worms have no digestive tract

46
Q

Chemosynthesis- tube worms

A

Worm haemoglobin combines with H2S and is transferred to bacteria, which turn O2, H2S CO2 etc. into organic molecules on which their host worms feed

47
Q

Human impacts on benthic ecosystems

A
  • Acidification
  • Tourism
  • Wind farms
  • Oil and gas exploration (spills)
  • Fishing practices

Oceanography (23 decks)

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