the beginnings of state-promoted industrial growth Flashcards

1
Q

why was industrialisation in Russia largely driven by the State?

A

due to the absence of an entrepreneurial middle class

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2
Q

state-promoted industrialisation attempted to?

A

match the economic development of Western Europe

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3
Q

Following emancipation, who produced a series of reforms designed to boost the economy and provide funds to drive industrial growth?

A

Alexander II’s minister of finance (1862-78)=
Mikhail von Reutern

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4
Q

mikhail von Reutern (1820-90)

A
  • believed that state money and control should direct economic change, used his position to carry these beliefs into action.
    -particularly encouraged development of railways
    -became chairman of the council of ministers in 1881
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5
Q

the treasury

A

-treasury was reformed and new arrangements for collecting taxes, auditing the accounts of government departments, and publishing budgets were put in place

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6
Q

tax farming

A

-whereby groups bought the right to collect certain taxes
-abolished and the tax system was reformed to include more indirect taxation

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7
Q

banks and credit facilities

A

extended with the establishment of a state bank in 1860, municipal banks in 1862 and a savings bank in 1869

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8
Q

trade

A

promoted with the reduction of import duties from 1863

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9
Q

government subsidies

A

were offered to enable private entrepreneurs to develop railways

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10
Q

foreign investment in Russia

A

encouraged with a government-guaranteed annual dividend

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11
Q

new legislation

A

regulated joint-stock companies to encourage ‘safe’ investment

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12
Q

government support

A

offered for the development of the cotton industry

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13
Q

what did von Reutern’s reforms force former tax farmers to do?

A

-forced them to look elsewhere to invest, whilst the opportunities provided by government subsidies and trade treaties encouraged enterprise

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14
Q

what else supported industrial expansion?

A

the use of foreign technical expertise and capital
-the railway network saw a marked expansion

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15
Q

overall what was the annual growth rate during Von Reutern’s term of office?

A

annual growth rate of 6%

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16
Q

textiles=dominant industry
what began in 1871?

A

oil extractions began in Caspian Sea port of Baku

17
Q

what was set up in Donetsk?

A

an ironworks was set up in Donetsk in 1872

18
Q

what was set up in 1879?

A

the Naphtha Extraction company was established by the Nobel brothers, to exploit coal and oil extraction further

19
Q

despite these improvements in Russia’s economy?

A

remained comparatively weak

20
Q

how much of all government expenditure went on the repayments of debts?

A

1/3 of all government expenditure

21
Q

the Russian currency (the rouble) was?

A

subject to wild variations in its value

22
Q

what kept the peasantry poor and the domestic market small?

A

-the limitations of the emancipation edict
- a taxation system which left 66% of the government revenue coming form indirect taxation

23
Q

what did tariff reductions mean?

A

a decline in government revenues
-> the decision was taken to raise these again from 1878