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PCAT > The Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

catabolic vs. anabolic

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2
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down large chemicals; release energy

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3
Q

anabolic reactions

A

build up large chemicals; require energy

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4
Q

ingestion

A

acquisition of food and other raw materials

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5
Q

digestion

A

process of converting food into a useable soluble form; allows for passing through membranes in the digestive tract

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6
Q

absorption

A

passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract
diffusion vs. active transport

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7
Q

transport

A

the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish and remove wastes from the tissues

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8
Q

assimilation

A

building up of new tissues

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9
Q

respiration

A

the consumption of oxygen by the body

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10
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products produced during metabolic processes

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11
Q

synthesis

A

the creation of complex molecules from simple ones

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12
Q

regulation

A

control of physiological activities

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment

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14
Q

growth

A

an increase in size caused by synthesis of new materials

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15
Q

reproduction

A

generation of additional individuals of a species

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16
Q

enzymes are: (3)

A
  • proteins
  • organic catalyst that do NOT alter the equilibrium constant, are NOT consumed in the reaction
  • selective (pH and temperature sensitive)
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17
Q

2 models for enzyme-substrate binding

A

Lock & key theory

Induced fit theory

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18
Q

lock & key theory

A

spatial structure of an enzyme’s active site is exactly complementary to the spatial structure of its substrate
receptor (lock) & drug substance (key)

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19
Q

induced fit theory

A

active site has flexibility
when appropriate substrate comes in contact with the active site, the conformation of the active site changes to fit the substrate

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20
Q

what affects the reaction rate?

A

concentration of substrate & enzymes
temperature
pH

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21
Q

Vmax

A

the maximum rate of a reaction under certain conditions; reflects how fast an enzyme can catalyze a reaction

increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rxn rate until all the active sites are occupied

22
Q

competitive inhibition (2)

A
  • when a similar molecule with comparable concentration to the substrate competes with the substrate for the binding site and interferes with enzyme activity
  • enzyme is inhibited by the inactive competitor
23
Q

noncompetitive inhibition (3)

A
  • irreversible
  • an inhibitor that is covalently bound to an enzyme that can not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate
  • allosteric inhibition: inhibition takes place at a site other than the active site-> changes enzyme structure & active site
24
Q

the _____ is the fundamental unit of all living things

A

cell

25
Q

cell theory (5)

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  • chemical rxns take place inside the cell
  • cells arise ONLY from pre-existing cells
  • cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
26
Q

cell membrane

A
  • encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability

- regulates the passage of materials into & out of the cell

27
Q

fluid mosaic model (4)

A
  • describes the plasma membrane of each cell
  • plasma membrane is made-up of a phospholipid bilayer (outward hydrophilic heads & inward hydrophobic tails)= FLUID at body temperature
  • each cell resided in extracellular fluid, but the inside is also composed of cytoplasm
  • proteins & other substances are embedded throughout the membrane and can move freely throughout within the membrane=MOSAIC
28
Q

Lipid bilayer is permeable to: (2)

A
  • small nonpolar hydrophobic molecules
    ex. oxygen
  • small polar molecules
    ex. water
29
Q

Lipid bilayer is not permeable to: (2)

A
  • charged ions

- larger charged molecules

30
Q

nucleus (3)

A
  • controls the activities of the cell
  • contains the DNA
  • contains the nucleolus: ribosomal synthesis occurs
31
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein production

32
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of material throughout the cell

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

received vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, distributes them to the cell surface

34
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse

site of aerobic respiration within the cell & hence the supplier of energy

35
Q

cytoplasm

A

where cell metabolic activity occurs

36
Q

vacuoles/vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport & storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell

37
Q

centrioles (2)

A
  • involved in spindle organization during cell division

- a pair of them can be found in an area known as the centrosome of animal cell

38
Q

lysosomes (2)

A
  • break down material ingested by the cell

- membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in digestion

39
Q

cytoskeleton functions (3)

A
  • supports the cell
  • maintains its shape
  • functions in cell motility
40
Q

components of the cytoskeleton (3)

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
41
Q

microtubules (2)

A
  • hollow rods made up of tubulin
  • radiated throughout the cell and used for support
    ex. centrioles, cilia, flagella (made up of microtubules)
42
Q

microfilaments (3)

A
  • solid rods of actin
  • important in cell movement as well as support
  • move materials across the plasma membrane
    ex. muscle contraction based on interaction of actin & myosin
43
Q

passive transport (2); examples

A
  • without energy
  • with the concentration gradient
    ex. simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion
44
Q

active transport (2)

A
  • require energy

- against the concentration gradient

45
Q

simple diffusion

A

passive transport

movement of particles down their concentration gradient from high->low

46
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

47
Q

hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic

A
  • hypotonic: greater concentration of solutes within the cell, so water molecules enter the cell (CELL LYSIS)
  • hypertonic: greater concentration of solutes outside the cell, so water molecules travel from the cell (CELL SHRIVEL)
  • isotonic: equal concentration of solute outside & inside the cell
48
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport

movement of particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins

49
Q

endocytosis

A

cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular material

50
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its content to the outside

PCAT (2 decks)

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