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PCAT > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

cell division

A

process by which a cell doubles its organelles & cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two

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2
Q

unicellular organisms cell division

A

means of reproduction

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3
Q

multicellular organisms cell division

A

method of growth, development, and replacement of worn-out cells

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4
Q

types of cell division (2)

A

mitosis & meiosis

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5
Q

mitosis (2)

A
  • division and distribution of cell’s DNA to its daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original genome
  • preserves diploid number
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6
Q

nuclear division is followed by ______

A

cytokinesis

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7
Q

interphase

A

a period of growth and replication of genetic material

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8
Q

sister chromatids are held together at

A

centromere region

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9
Q

TRUE/FALSE: individual chromosomes are visible during interphase

A

FALSE; DNA is uncoiled (chromatin)

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10
Q

parts of interphase

A

G1, S, G2, M

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11
Q

G1 phase

A
  • initiates interphase; cell increases in size & synthesizes proteins
  • length determines the length of the entire cell cycle
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12
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

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13
Q

G2

A

cell prepares to divide; growth & synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

M

A

cell (nuclear) division occurs (prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase)

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15
Q

Prophase (3)

A
  • chromosome condense
  • centrioles separate & move toward to opposite poles of the cell
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
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16
Q

Metaphase (2)

A
  • fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at centromere
  • chromosomes align at the center of the cell
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17
Q

Anaphase (2)

A
  • centromeres split allowing chromatids to separate

- spindle fibers shorten

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18
Q

Telophase (3)

A
  • spindle apparatus disappears
  • nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
  • chromosomes uncoil
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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

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20
Q

meiosis (2)

A
  • sex cells are produced

- produces haploid cells (halve # of chromosomes)

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21
Q

asexual vs. sexual reproduction

A

sexual reproduction involves 2 parents

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22
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that code for the same traits

23
Q

crossing over

A

when homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA

24
Q

recombination among chromosomes results in ______

A

increases genetic variation

25
Q

what phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

prophase

26
Q

disjunction

A
  • homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
  • random distribution to daughter cells
27
Q

sexual production requires

A
  • production of functional cells (gametes)
  • union of these cells to form a zygote
  • development of zygote into an adult
28
Q

male vs female gonads

A

male: in the testes (sperm)
female: ovaries (oocytes)

29
Q

gonads

A

where gametes are produced

30
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

(1) 2n -> (4) n cells

31
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes in the ovaries

(1) 2n -> 1 egg cell+ polar body

32
Q

fertilization

A

union of the egg and sperm to form a zygote

33
Q

internal fertilization (2)

A
  • provides direct route for sperm to reach the egg cell

- increases the chance of fertilization

34
Q

the amount of parental care is ______ related to the number of eggs produced

A

directly; species that care for their young produce fewer eggs

35
Q

scrotum

A
  • external pouch that holds the testes (testosterone production)
  • maintains the testes temp at 2-4 degree Celsius lower than body temp
36
Q

route of sperm

A

testes-> vas deferens -> ejaculatory ducts -> uretha

37
Q

process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia differientiate into primary spermatocytes (2n) -> secondary spermartocytes 2x(n) -> spermatids 4x(n) -> spermatozoa

38
Q

acrosome

A

caplike structure that contains enzymes needed to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum

39
Q

ovaries (2)

A
  • found in the abdominal cavity

- consist of thousands of follicles (multilayered sac of cells)

40
Q

Once a month an immature ____ is released from the ovary into the _________ _______ and drawn into the nearby oviducts (fallopian tubes). Each fallopian tubes opens up into _____, which is the site of fetal development. The lower end is called the _____

A

ovum; abdominal cavity; uterus; cervix

41
Q

TRUE/FALSE: at birth all of the immature primary oocytes that a female will produce are already in her ovaries. which are produced by mitosis.

A

TRUE

42
Q

TRUE/FALSE: meiosis II occurs right after meiosis I during oogenesis

A

FALSE; it doesn’t occur until fertilization. its triggered when the layers of the ovum are penetrated

43
Q

2 layers of the ovum

A

zona pellucida & corona radiata

44
Q

the secretion of both estrogen & progesterone are regulated by

A

LH (luteinizing hormone) & FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) which in turn are regulated by GnRH (gonadotr

45
Q

what plays an important role in the female reproductive cycle (3)

A
  • hormonal secretion of the ovaries
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
46
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle (4)

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation

47
Q

follicular phase

A

FSH from the anterior pituitary promotes the development of the follicle, which grows and secretes estrogen

48
Q

ovulation (2)

A
  • mid way through the cycle a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases the ovum
  • peak in LH
49
Q

luteal phase

A

LH induces the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum (secretes estrogen & progesterone)

50
Q

menstruation (fertilized vs not fertilized)

A
  • ovum fertilized: placenta produces hCG maintaining the corpus luteum and supply of hormones until placenta takes over production of hormones
  • ovum not fertilized: corpus luteum atrophies; endometrium slough off giving rise to menstrual flow
51
Q

purpose of the fertilization membrane

A

surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations

52
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins: single zygote splits into 2 embryos

53
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins: when 2 ova are released in one ovarian cycle and are fertilized by 2 different sperms

PCAT (2 decks)

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