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MD2001 Week 8 > The Back: Bones, Ligaments and Muscles > Flashcards

The Back: Bones, Ligaments and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

Enables upright posture

Supports body weight

Protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves

Supports the skull and allows for its movement

Contributes to the rib cage

Locomotion

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2
Q

What are the two curves of the spinal cord?

A

Concave- kyphosis- thoracic

Convex- lordosis- lumbar

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3
Q

What are the different structures of the vertebra?

A

Vertebral body

Intervertebral surface

Vertebral arch- pedicle and lamina

Vertebral foramen

Inferior and superior vertebral notch

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4
Q

What are the junctions between multiple vertebra?

A

Articular facets

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5
Q

What are found in cervical vertebra?

A

Uncinate processes

Superior articular facets

Transverse foramen

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6
Q

What is C1 called?

A

Atlas

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7
Q

How does atlas connect to the skull?

A

Between its superior articular facets and the skulls occipital condyles

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8
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

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9
Q

What is significant about axis?

A

Has odontoid process or dens

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10
Q

At what joint does the head and neck rotate?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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11
Q

What are specific to thoracic vertebra?

A

Transverse processes that are long with a face for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib

Costal demi facets for upper and lower articulation

Spinous processes that overlap 2 vertebrae

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12
Q

What vertebrae have the largest size?

A

Lumbar

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13
Q

What are specific to lumbar vertebra?

A

Largest body

Spine is sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular

Extension is greatest movement

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14
Q

What are specific to sacrum?

A

Sacral promontory is the anterior projection of S!

Median, intermediate and lateral crests

Anterior and posterior foramen

Sacral hiatus

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15
Q

What type of joint is between the vertebral column?

A

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joint

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16
Q

What type of joint is between articular processes?

A

Zygapophyseal

Facet

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17
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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18
Q

What is the intervertebral disc made from?

A

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

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19
Q

Describe the nucleus pulposus

A

Gelatinous, 70-90% water

Inside

Absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae

Relative collagen content increase with age

20
Q

Describe the anulus fibrosus

A

Very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage

Outside

Attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

21
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord, cauda equina or spinal nerve

22
Q

Where do most herniated disc move to?

A

Posterolateral and compresses on spinal nerve above its vertebrae

23
Q

What are the different ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

Anterior Atlanto-Axial and Atlanto- Occipital membranes

Anterior longitudinal ligament from ^

Posterior longitudinal ligament from tectorial membrane

Ligamenta flavum- between lamina

Intertransverse ligaments- between transverse processes

Supraspinous ligaments- between tips of spines

Ligamentum nuchae- extends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum

Interspinous ligaments

24
Q

What are the ligaments of the atlas and axis?

A

Alar ligaments- from sides of dens to foramen magnum

Transverse ligaments

Longitudinal ligament

25
Q

What do the transverse ligament, superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles form?

A

Cruciate ligament

26
Q

What are common in the vertebral column and why?

A

Metastasis as there are no valves in the veins

27
Q

What are the functions of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Adapted to provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity

Move the vertebral column

Participate in moving head

Innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves

28
Q

What are the functions of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Movement of the upper limbs and thoracic wall

Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

29
Q

What are the attachments of trapezius?

A

Skull, ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7 to T12 to scapula and clavicle

30
Q

Function of trapezius

A

Extends neck, retracts scapular, rotate shoulders in abduction

31
Q

Innervation of trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

32
Q

Origin and attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

Iliac crest, fascia, spines of T6-T12, lower ribs

Humerus

33
Q

Function of latissimus dorsi

A

Shoulder extensions and adduction

34
Q

Innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

35
Q

Function of levator scapulae?

A

Scapular elevation

36
Q

Function of rhomboid major and minor

A

Scapular retraction and elevation

37
Q

Function of serratus posterior superior

A

Inspiration

38
Q

Function of serratus posterior inferior

A

Expiration

39
Q

What is found in the 1st layer of extrinsic back muscles?

A

Lat dorsi and trapezius

40
Q

What is found in the 2nd layer of extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid major and minor

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

41
Q

What are the three layers of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Superficial

Intermediate

Deep

42
Q

What are muscles in the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis

43
Q

What are the functions of Splenius capitis and cervicis?

A

Extend the neck

Rotate and laterally flex

44
Q

What muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Iliocostalis

Longissimus

Spinalis

Grouped together as the erector spinae

45
Q

What muscles form the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Semispinalis

Rotatores

Multifidus

Levators costarum

Interspinous

Intertransverse

46
Q

What are the deep neck muscles?

A

Obliques capitis superior

Obliquus capitis inferior

Rectus capitis posterior major

Rectus capitis posterior minor

47
Q

What is found in the sub-occipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve

MD2001 Week 8 (11 decks)

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