The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
how does the axial contribute to homeostasis?
by protecting many of the body’s organs
how many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones
what is included in the axial skeleton?
Skull
auditory ossicles
hyoid bone
ribs
ste4rnum
vertebrae
sacrum
what is the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the upper and lower extremities and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
how are bones classified?
mostly by their shape
what are the types of bones?
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
what are structural bones
small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones
what are sutures?
are the jointed areas where flat bones come together
what are surface markings?
structural features adapted for specific functions
what are the 2 types of surface markings?
depressions and openings
processes
what are depressions and openings?
form joints
allow the passage of soft tissue
what are processes?
projections or outgrowths that form joints
serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
what is a fissure?
narrow split between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
(Depressions and Openings)
what is a foramen
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
Depressions and Openings)
What is a fossa
shallow depression
(Depressions and Openings)
What is a sulcus?
furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
(Depression and Opening)
What is a meatus?
Tubelike opening
(Depression and Opening)
What is a sulcus?
furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
What processes form joints
Condyle
Facet
Head
what is a condyle?
large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone
what is a facet?
smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
what is a head?
Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone
What processes form attachment points for connective tissue?
crest
epicondyle
linea
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
What is a crest?
prominent ridge or elongated projection
what is Epicondyle?
typically roughened projection above condyle
what is Linea?
long narrow ridge or border
what is a spinous process?
sharp slender projection
What is a trochanter?
Very large projection
What is a tubercle?
variably-sized rounded projection
What is Tuberosity?
Variably-sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface
how many bones are in the skull
22
What are the symptoms of TMJ?
dull pain around ear, tender5 jaw muscles, clicking noise
What is TMJ caused by?
caused by improperly aligned teeth, grinding of teeth, head trauma, arthritis
what is a deviated septum?
occurs when septum does not run along the midline of the nasal cavity
what is the cause of deviated septum?
trauma to nose, developmental abnormality
what are the symptoms of a deviated septum?
inflammation, infection, congestion, headaches, nosebleeds
what are the foramens/canals of the skull?
Carotid canal
Hypoglossal canal
Infraorbital
Jugular
Lacerum
Magnum
Mandibular
Mastoid
Mental
Cribiform
Optic canal
Ovale
Rotundum
Stylomastoid
Supraorbital
where is the carotid canal located?
petrous portion of temporal bone
What structures pass thru carotid canal?
internal carotid artery, sympathetic nerves for eyes
where is the hypoglossal canal located?
Superior to base of occipital condyles
What structures pass thru hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal (XII) nerve, branch of ascending pharyngeal blood vessel
where is the infraorbital located?
inferior to orbit in maxilla
what structures pass thru infraorbital
infraorbital nerve and blood vessels, branch of maxillary branch of trigeminal (V) nerve
where is the jugular located
posterior to carotid canal between petrous portion of temporal bone and occipital bone
what structures pass thru julgular?
internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) and accessory (XI) nerves
Where is the location of the lacerum?
bounded anteriorly by sphenoid bone, posteriorly by petrous portion of temporal bone, medially by sphenoid and occipital bones
What structures pass thru lacerum ?
branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
where is the location of the magnum?
occipital bone
what structures pass thru magnum?
medulla oblongata and its membranes, accessory nerve (XI) vertebral and spinal arteries
where is the mandibular located?
medial surface of ramus of mandible
what structures pass thru mandibular?
inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels
where is the mastoid located?
posterior border of mastoid process of temporal bone
what structures pass thru mastoid?
emissary vein to transverse sinus, branch of occipital artery to dura mater
where is mental located?
inferior to second premolar tooth in mandible
what structures pass thru mental?
mental nerve and vessels
Where is the cribform located?
crib form plate of ethmoid bone
what structure pass thru cribform?
Olfactory (I) nerve
where is the optic canal located?
between superior and inferior portions of small wing of sphenoid bone.
what structures pass thru optic canal?
Optic (II) nerve, ophthalmic blood vessels.
where is the oval located?
greater wing of sphenoid bone
what structures pass thru ovale?
mandibular division of trigeminal (V) nerve
Where is the rotunda located?
junction of anterior and medial parts of sphenoid bone
what structures pass thru rotundum?
maxillary division of trigeminal (V) nerve
where is the stylomastoid located?
between styloid and mastoid processes of temporal bone
what structures pass thru the stylomastoid?
facial (VII) nerve, stylomastoid vessels
Where is the supraorbital located?
supraorbital margin of orbit in frontal bone
what structures pass thru supraorbital
supraorbital nerve and blood vessels
what are the types of sutures?
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous
what are the paranasal sinuses?
mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
what are the paranasal sinuses used for?
resonating chambers to enhance the voice
increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it
what are fontanels?
areas of a fetus/bab where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue
what does the hyoid bone do?
supports tongue and provides attachment site for some neck muscles and pharynx
how many vertebrae are in the spine?
26
how many regions is the spinal cord divided into?
5
what are the 4 curves of the spine?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
what are intervertebral discs?
composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage and inner soft nucleus with layer of hyaline cartliage on top and bottom of each disc
what do intervertebral discs do?
absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another
how many vertebrae in the cervical section?
7
what are C1 and C2 also known as?
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
which are the largest and strongest vertebrae?
lumbar
how many vertebrae in lumbar region
5
how many vertebral in sacral region?
1
how many vertebrae in coccyx region?
1
how many segments are there of the sternum?
3
upper manubrium
middle body
lower diploid process
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
what are the 3 curve related pathologies in the spine?
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
what is scoliosis?
increased lateral curvature
what is kyphosis?
increased thoracic curve bent forward
what is lordosis?
increased lumber curve bent backwards
what is spinal bifida?
congenital defect of the vertebral column where laminae do not develop normally
where do spinal fractures usually occur?
C1,C2, C4-T and T12-L2
