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Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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2
Q

Name the nervous system which acts on the gut.

A

The enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic system important for?

A

Digestion, excretion, visual accomodation.
‘Rest and digest’
Less widespread innervation and effects.

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4
Q

What is the sympathetic system important for?

A

Ongoing control of the cardiovascular system.
‘Fight, flight, fright’
More widespread innervation and effect.

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5
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has more widespread innervation and effect?

A

The sympathetic system.

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6
Q

Which spinal nerve roots do the sympathetic nerves arise from?

A

T1 to L2

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7
Q

Which spinal nerve roots do the parasympathetic nerves arise from?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

S2-S4

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8
Q

How many neurons make up an autonmic nerve track?

A

Always 2.

Synapse in ganglia (except in adrenal medulla)

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9
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurons in series synapse?

A

Ganglia in the tissue of effector.

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10
Q

Where do sympathetic neurons synapse?

A

In sympathetic chain ganglia OR at adrenal medulla (not in ganglion)

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11
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at parasympathetic synapse?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What sort of receptor is present in the post-synaptic neuron in parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Nicotinic receptor.

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13
Q

What sorts of receptor do acetyl choline bind to?

A

Nicotinic receptorat ganglia.

Muscarinic receptor at effector.

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter does a parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurone release?

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What sort of receptor is found on parasympathetic effectors?

A

Muscarinic

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16
Q

Outline a parasympathetic efferent pathway.

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine at synapse in ganglia.
Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neuron.
Post-ganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine at neuro-effector junction.
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors on effector cell surface.

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17
Q

What sort of receptor does noradrenaline bind to?

A

Adrenergic receptors

alpha, beta

18
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at all sympathetic synpases?

A

Acetylcholine

19
Q

In most sympathetic pathways what neurotransmitter is released by the post-ganglionic neuron?

A

Noradrenaline

20
Q

In sweat gland innervation, what neurotransmitter is released by the post-ganglionic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

(very similiar to parasympathetic nerve pathway but ganglia occur in sympathetic chain)

21
Q

What receptors are present on sweat glands?

A

Muscarinic receptors

22
Q

What receptors are present on the adrenal medulla?

A

Nicotinic receptor

23
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) do the adrenal medulla release?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline (bind to adrenergic receptors)

24
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

25
Q

Which type of cholinergic receptor is G-coupled?

A

Muscarinic

26
Q

Where are M2 isoform muscarinic receptors found?

A

In the heart, regulate cardiac function.

Parasympathetic (slow heart rate)

27
Q

Where are M3 isoform muscarinic receptors found?

A

In smooth muscle and glands act through Gproteins.

Activates phospholipase C - produces IP3 and DAG.

28
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptor?

A

α (1 and 2)

β ( 1, 2, 3)

29
Q

What is the function of α1 receptors?

A

Activates Gq - stimulates IP3/Ca2+ and DAG.

Raises cellular calcium concentration

30
Q

What is the function of α2 receptors?

A

Activates Gi - inhibits adenylate cyclase.

Reduces cAMP prodcution.

31
Q

What is the function of all β receptors?

A

Activate Gs - increase concentration of cAMP.

32
Q

Where are each β receptors found?

A 
β1 = cardiac subtype
β2 = vascular and airways subtype 
β3 = adipose tissue and bladder
33
Q

What neurotransmitter do adrenergic receptors respond to?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

34
Q

What is non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission?

A

Neurotransmission that does not involve acetylcholine or noradrenaline.
May result in co-transmission of neurotransmitter.
Important in CNS and enteric nervous system.

35
Q

Give some sympathetic effects on the body.

A

Increased heart rate and force of contraction.
Bronchodilation
Vasoconstriction (but dilation of arteries in heart)
Bladder relaxation
Decrease GI motility

36
Q

Give some parasympathetic effects on the body.

A

Decreased heart rate
Increased gastrointestinal and other secretions
Bronchoconstriction
Micturition - contraction of detrusor muscles
Defaecation

37
Q

Outline the baroreceptor reflex. (4 steps)

A
  1. Blood pressure increase distends arterial walls (activates stretch receptors)
  2. Stretch receptors signal to brain stem which compares blood pressure to set point.
  3. Increased parasympathetic stimulation to the heart - slows heart rate.
  4. Decreased sympathetic drive to the heart
38
Q

What is the reaction that produce acetylcholine and what enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Acetyl-CoA + Choline > Acetylcholine

Catalyses by choline acetyltransferase

39
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

40
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Brain of the gut, forms 2 layers of motor, sensory and interneurons in the wallls of the GI tract.

41
Q

What are the two layers of the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus

Submucosal plexus

42
Q

What does the ENS co-ordinate?

A

Peristalsis, fluid transport, glandular secretions and blood flow within the GI tract.

Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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