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Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology > Body Fluid, Flow and Pressure > Flashcards

Body Fluid, Flow and Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main fluid compartments in the body?

A

Intracellular
Plasma
Interstitial space (Extracellular)

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2
Q

What % of the body is water?

A

60%

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3
Q

Of the body’s 60% what proportions are intracellular, interstial and plasma?

A

40% Intracellular
15% Interstitial
5% Plasma

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4
Q

How can we measure fluid compartments?

A

V=S/C
V= unknown volume
S= known amount of substance
C= concentration

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5
Q

What substance is used to measure the plasma volume?

A

Evan’s blue, inulin, albumin

- A substance that does not cross capillaries

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6
Q

What substance is used to measure extracellular space?

A

24Na or sucrose

- A substance that doesn’t enter cells easily.

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7
Q

What substance is used to measure the total body water?

A

3H2O

Something that distributes in all of the body’s water.

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8
Q

What are the 3 major ions in body fluids?

A

Na+, K+ and Cl-

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9
Q

Define osmolarity.

A

Concentration of a solution expressed as total no. solute particles per litre.

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10
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood plasma?

A

290 mosmol/litre

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11
Q

What is crystalloid oncotic pressure?

A

Due to ions Na+, K+, Cl-
Cell membranes are mainly impermeable to ions.
Capillary walls are permeable so theres no crystalloid oncotic pressure difference.

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12
Q

What is oncotic osmotic pressure?

A

Form of osmotic pressure induced by proteins in blood plasma.

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13
Q

What is the oncotic pressure exerted in capillaries?

A

25mmHg

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14
Q

What direction does water move in terms of osmotic pressure?

A

Water will move from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure.

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15
Q

What is the plasma concentration of Na+?

A

140mmol/litre

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16
Q

What is the plasma concentration of K+?

A

4mmol/litre

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17
Q

What is the plasma concentration of Ca2+?

A

2mmol/litre

18
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of K+?

A

120mmol/litre

19
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of Na+?

A

10mmol/litre

20
Q

What is the intracellular concentration of Ca2+?

A

100nmol/litre

21
Q

What is the major ion controlling blood volume?

A

Na+

22
Q

What is the major ion controlling cell volume?

A

K+

23
Q

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

24
Q

What is the red blood cell count in an average human?

A 
Males = 5.5x10^12/litre
Females = 4.8x10^12/litre
25
Q

What are the 3 main types of leucocyte (white blood cell)?

A
  • Lymphocytes (20-40%)
  • Monocytes (2-8%)
  • Granulocytes
26
Q

What is the total number of platelets in blood?

A

1.5-4x10^11/litre

27
Q

What is pulmonary circulation and give two features of it.

A

Circulation from the heart to the lungs.
Low resistance
Low pressure

28
Q

What is systemic circulation and give three features of it.

A

Circulation from heart around the body.
High resistance
High pressure
In parallel with each other

29
Q

Define cardiac output

A

CO = SV x heart rate
CO is volume per minute ~5L/min

SV = stroke volume (volume per beat) ~70mls

30
Q

What is the link between venous return and cardiac output?

A

They must be the same.

31
Q

What is ‘Total peripheral resistance’?

A

The force required to maintain blood flow from the root of the aorta to venous end.
Pressure load on the left heart.
Also called AFTERLOAD.

32
Q

What is ‘central venous pressure’?

A

Filling pressure of the heart.

Also called PRELOAD.

33
Q

Define Fick’s Law.

A

Rate of diffusion is dependent on area, concentration difference and distance it has to travel.

34
Q

Define the Law of Flow (Darcy’s Law)

A

Flow is proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to the resistance to flow.

35
Q

What is the equation of Darcy’s Law?

A

Flow = (P1-P2)/R
Where:
R=resistance to flow (independent variable)

36
Q

Describe Pousseuilles Law.

A

A small change in diameter causes a large change in resistance and flow.

R= 8VL/πr^4

L=length of tube
r=radius of tube
V=viscosity of fluid
Flow is proportional to r^4

37
Q

What is the influence of viscosity of a liquid on flow?

A

Laminar flow - viscous drag at the sides of the tube slows flow at the sides. Faster movement in the centre of the tube - AXIAL streaming.

38
Q

What is the effect of turbulence on flow?

A

Increases resistance and causes vibrations.

Can cause damage to the vessel wall or cause clotting.

39
Q

What is the effect of tubes in series on the total resistance?

A

Total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3…

40
Q

What is the effect of tubes in parallel on the total resistance?

A

1/Total resistance = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…

Hence lower cumulative restance than in series.

41
Q

How is flow controlled independently in tissues?

A

By constriction or dilation of its blood vessels.

Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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