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Pharmacology Test #2 > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major components of the nervous system?

A

Brain

Nerves

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2
Q

How do nerves transmit info to the effector cells?

A

neurotransmiters

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3
Q

What are the two ways nervous system is classified?

A

By physical location

By function

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4
Q

How is the nervous system divided by physical location?

A

Central = brain and spinal cord

Peripheral = everything else

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5
Q

How is the nervous system divided by function?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

involves actions not under conscious control

controls visceral functions –> cardiac output, blood flow to vital organs, digestion

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7
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Involves conscious functions

Movement, respiration, posture

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8
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system broken up?

A

Sympathetic = thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic = craniosacral

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9
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system exit the brain?

A

through preganglionic efferent nerve fibers

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10
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibers exit the central nervous system?

A

exit through the cranial nerves and 3rd and 4th lumbar spinal nerves

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11
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers exit the central nervous system?

A

sympathetic fibers exit through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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12
Q

Describe Efferent Nerves

A

Preganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

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13
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons originate and where do they go?

A

originate in the CNS and connect to ganglia in peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

What do postganglionic neurons do?

A

terminate on effector organs

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15
Q

What do the ganglia do?

A

act as relay stations to pass messages on to postganglionic nerves

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16
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

They regulate the autonomic nervous system by sensing actions and providing feedback to the CNS

bring info from effector organ to CNS

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17
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Which types of nerves release acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

cholinergic nerve fibers

ALL preganglionic efferent autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers

Somatic nerve fibers to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

Which types of nerves release norepinephrine?

A

adrenergic nerve fibers

MOST postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

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20
Q

What is the precursor molecule and enzyme that make ACh?

A

acetyl - CoA

O-acetyltransferase

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21
Q

Where is ACh synthesized in the nerve?

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

How is it stored in the nerve?

A

stored as packages of quanta in vesicles at the axon terminal

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23
Q

What stimulates the release of ACh?

A

Ca2+

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24
Q

What happens when ACh is released into the synaptic cleft?

A

binds to ACh - receptors

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25
Q

How is ACh action terminated?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh –> choline and acetate

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26
Q

What happens if ACh isn’t broken down?

A

continues to interact w/ receptors until it is broken down

27
Q

Where are adrenergic nerve fibers found?

A

postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

What do adrenergic nerve fibers do?

A

make adjustments in response to stressful situations

fight or flight

29
Q

What are some of the actions of adrenergic nerve fibers?

A

increase HR and BP

mobilize energy stores

increase blood flow to skeletal muscles

divert blood flow from skin and internal organs

dilate pupils and bronchioles

30
Q

Name the 3 ways norepinepherine is terminated?

A

metabolized by catalytic enzymes –> monoamine oxidase (MAO)

diffusion away from receptor site (then metabolized)

reuptake into terminal by norepinephrine transporter (NET) or other cells

31
Q

What are receptors?

A

proteins that bind to endogenous molecules and then pass “message” to signaling proteins

32
Q

What do agonists do?

A

mimic endogenous molecules that bind to receptors and produce signal

33
Q

What do antagonists do?

A

they block signal

34
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

muscarinic receptors

nicotinic receptors

35
Q

What are the 4 major adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors

beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors

36
Q

Which system is the major target of the autonomic nervous system?

37
Q

What are the CV effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

decrease heart rate

38
Q

What are the CV effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

alters periperal vascular resistance to manage BP

heart rate

contraction force to manage cardiac output

venous tone

renin production to manage renal blood flow

39
Q

What is the point of the autonomic function?

A

prevent system from overstimulation

maintain effector organ functions w/ in a narrow window of tolerance

40
Q

How is autonomic function controlled?

A

presynaptic regulation

postsynaptic regulation

other integrated systems

41
Q

How is autonomic function regulated presynaptically?

A

alpha2 receptors present on some nerve terminals

bind norepinephrine released from some nerves and decrease amount of norepinephrine from same neuron

Beta receptors will facilitate release of more norepinephrine

42
Q

How is autonomic function regulated postsynaptically?

A

2 mechanisms:

up or down regulate receptors

action of one receptor is affected by action of other receptors

43
Q

Why does the body up or down regulate receptors?

A

in response to high or low activation from neurotransmitters

44
Q

What are effector organs?

A

multiple receptor sites throughout the body

sensitive to adrenergic or cholinergic action

45
Q

Are the actions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine opposing or synergistic?

46
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the iris radial muscle

A

Sympathetic: contracts (pupilary dilation) –> alpha1 receptors

Parasympathetic: NONE

47
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the iris circular muscle

A

Sympathetic: NONE

Parasympathetic: Contracts (controls light entry and accommodation –> M3

48
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the ciliary muscle

A

Sympathetic: Relaxes (allows for better focus on distance) –> Beta

Parasympathetic: Contrats (allows focus of near objects) –> M3

49
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node

A

Sympathetic: accelerates (increase HR - chronotropic) –> Beta1 and Beta2

Parasympathetic: decelerates (decrease HR) –> M2

50
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the ectopic pacemakers

A

Sympathetic: acclerates (increases HR) –> Beta1 and Beta2

Parasympathetic: NONE

51
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Contractility

A

Sympathetic: increases (inotropic) –> Beta1 and Beta2

Parasympathetic: decreases –> M2

52
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the blood vessels

A

Sympathetic:

Contract (vasocontriction; increase BP) –> alpha

Relaxes (vasodilation; decrease BP) –> Beta2

Parasympathetic: NONE

53
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

Sympathetic: relaxes (open airways-bronchiodilation) –> Beta2

Parasympathetic: contracts (restricts airways -bronchoconstriction) –> M3

54
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the smooth muscle walls of the GI

A

Sympathetic: relax (slows activity) –> alpha2 and beta2

parasympathetic: contract (increase activity) –> M3

55
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the GI sphincters

A

Sympathetic: contract (blocks passage) –> alpha1

Parasympathetic: relax (opens passage) –> M3

56
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on GI secretion

A

Sympathetic: NONE

Parasympathetic: increases –> M3

57
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the bladder wall

A

Sympathetic: relaxes (prevents urinatin) –> Beta2

Parasympathetic: contracts (facilitates urination) –> M3

58
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the genitourinary sphincter

A

Sympathetic: contracts (blocks urination) –> alpha1

Parasympathetic: relaxes (facilitates urination) –> M3

59
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the uterus

A

Sympathetic:

Relaxes –> Beta2

Contracts –> alpha

parasympathetic: NONE

60
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the penis

A

Sympathetic: ejaculation –> alpha

Parasympethic: erection –> M3

61
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Liver

A

Sympathetic:

gluconeogenesis –> Beta2, alpha

glucogenolysis –> Beta2, alpha

Parasympathetic: NONE

62
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on fat cells

A

Sympathetic: Lipolysis –> Beta3

Parasympathetic: NONE

63
Q

Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Kidney

A

Sympathetic: Renin release –> Beta1

Parasympathetic: NONE

64
Q

What are the 3 drug effects on neurotransmitters?

A

Alter: synthesis, storage, release

Terminate Action

Alter neurotransmitter receptors

Pharmacology Test #2 (7 decks)

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