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Pharmacology Test #2 > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major components of the nervous system?

A

Brain

Nerves

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2
Q

How do nerves transmit info to the effector cells?

A

neurotransmiters

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3
Q

What are the two ways nervous system is classified?

A

By physical location

By function

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4
Q

How is the nervous system divided by physical location?

A

Central = brain and spinal cord

Peripheral = everything else

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5
Q

How is the nervous system divided by function?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

involves actions not under conscious control

controls visceral functions –> cardiac output, blood flow to vital organs, digestion

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7
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Involves conscious functions

Movement, respiration, posture

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8
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system broken up?

A

Sympathetic = thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic = craniosacral

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9
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system exit the brain?

A

through preganglionic efferent nerve fibers

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10
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibers exit the central nervous system?

A

exit through the cranial nerves and 3rd and 4th lumbar spinal nerves

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11
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers exit the central nervous system?

A

sympathetic fibers exit through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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12
Q

Describe Efferent Nerves

A

Preganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

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13
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons originate and where do they go?

A

originate in the CNS and connect to ganglia in peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

What do postganglionic neurons do?

A

terminate on effector organs

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15
Q

What do the ganglia do?

A

act as relay stations to pass messages on to postganglionic nerves

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16
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

They regulate the autonomic nervous system by sensing actions and providing feedback to the CNS

bring info from effector organ to CNS

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17
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Which types of nerves release acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

cholinergic nerve fibers

ALL preganglionic efferent autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers

Somatic nerve fibers to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

Which types of nerves release norepinephrine?

A

adrenergic nerve fibers

MOST postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

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20
Q

What is the precursor molecule and enzyme that make ACh?

A

acetyl - CoA

O-acetyltransferase

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21
Q

Where is ACh synthesized in the nerve?

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

How is it stored in the nerve?

A

stored as packages of quanta in vesicles at the axon terminal

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23
Q

What stimulates the release of ACh?

A

Ca2+

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24
Q

What happens when ACh is released into the synaptic cleft?

A

binds to ACh - receptors

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25
How is ACh action terminated?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh --> choline and acetate
26
What happens if ACh isn't broken down?
continues to interact w/ receptors until it is broken down
27
Where are adrenergic nerve fibers found?
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
28
What do adrenergic nerve fibers do?
make adjustments in response to stressful situations fight or flight
29
What are some of the actions of adrenergic nerve fibers?
increase HR and BP mobilize energy stores increase blood flow to skeletal muscles divert blood flow from skin and internal organs dilate pupils and bronchioles
30
Name the 3 ways norepinepherine is terminated?
metabolized by catalytic enzymes --> monoamine oxidase (MAO) diffusion away from receptor site (then metabolized) reuptake into terminal by norepinephrine transporter (NET) or other cells
31
What are receptors?
proteins that bind to endogenous molecules and then pass "message" to signaling proteins
32
What do agonists do?
mimic endogenous molecules that bind to receptors and produce signal
33
What do antagonists do?
they block signal
34
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
muscarinic receptors nicotinic receptors
35
What are the 4 major adrenergic receptors?
alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors
36
Which system is the major target of the autonomic nervous system?
CV system
37
What are the CV effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
decrease heart rate
38
What are the CV effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
alters periperal vascular resistance to manage BP heart rate contraction force to manage cardiac output venous tone renin production to manage renal blood flow
39
What is the point of the autonomic function?
prevent system from overstimulation maintain effector organ functions w/ in a narrow window of tolerance
40
How is autonomic function controlled?
presynaptic regulation postsynaptic regulation other integrated systems
41
How is autonomic function regulated presynaptically?
alpha2 receptors present on some nerve terminals bind norepinephrine released from some nerves and decrease amount of norepinephrine from same neuron Beta receptors will facilitate release of more norepinephrine
42
How is autonomic function regulated postsynaptically?
2 mechanisms: up or down regulate receptors action of one receptor is affected by action of other receptors
43
Why does the body up or down regulate receptors?
in response to high or low activation from neurotransmitters
44
What are effector organs?
multiple receptor sites throughout the body sensitive to adrenergic or cholinergic action
45
Are the actions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine opposing or synergistic?
Opposing
46
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the iris radial muscle
Sympathetic: contracts (pupilary dilation) --> alpha1 receptors Parasympathetic: NONE
47
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the iris circular muscle
Sympathetic: NONE Parasympathetic: Contracts (controls light entry and accommodation --> M3
48
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the ciliary muscle
Sympathetic: Relaxes (allows for better focus on distance) --> Beta Parasympathetic: Contrats (allows focus of near objects) --> M3
49
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node
Sympathetic: accelerates (increase HR - chronotropic) --> Beta1 and Beta2 Parasympathetic: decelerates (decrease HR) --> M2
50
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the ectopic pacemakers
Sympathetic: acclerates (increases HR) --> Beta1 and Beta2 Parasympathetic: NONE
51
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Contractility
Sympathetic: increases (inotropic) --> Beta1 and Beta2 Parasympathetic: decreases --> M2
52
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the blood vessels
Sympathetic: Contract (vasocontriction; increase BP) --> alpha Relaxes (vasodilation; decrease BP) --> Beta2 Parasympathetic: NONE
53
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Bronchiolar smooth muscle
Sympathetic: relaxes (open airways-bronchiodilation) --> Beta2 Parasympathetic: contracts (restricts airways -bronchoconstriction) --> M3
54
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the smooth muscle walls of the GI
Sympathetic: relax (slows activity) --> alpha2 and beta2 parasympathetic: contract (increase activity) --> M3
55
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the GI sphincters
Sympathetic: contract (blocks passage) --> alpha1 Parasympathetic: relax (opens passage) --> M3
56
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on GI secretion
Sympathetic: NONE Parasympathetic: increases --> M3
57
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the bladder wall
Sympathetic: relaxes (prevents urinatin) --> Beta2 Parasympathetic: contracts (facilitates urination) --> M3
58
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the genitourinary sphincter
Sympathetic: contracts (blocks urination) --> alpha1 Parasympathetic: relaxes (facilitates urination) --> M3
59
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the uterus
Sympathetic: Relaxes --> Beta2 Contracts --> alpha parasympathetic: NONE
60
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the penis
Sympathetic: ejaculation --> alpha Parasympethic: erection --> M3
61
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Liver
Sympathetic: gluconeogenesis --> Beta2, alpha glucogenolysis --> Beta2, alpha Parasympathetic: NONE
62
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on fat cells
Sympathetic: Lipolysis --> Beta3 Parasympathetic: NONE
63
Name the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the Kidney
Sympathetic: Renin release --> Beta1 Parasympathetic: NONE
64
What are the 3 drug effects on neurotransmitters?
Alter: synthesis, storage, release Terminate Action Alter neurotransmitter receptors

Pharmacology Test #2 (7 decks)

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