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PN Year 13 - E Block > The Approaches: The Humanistic Approach - NEW > Flashcards

The Approaches: The Humanistic Approach - NEW Flashcards

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1
Q

What do humans have an innate need for, according to humanist psychologists?

A

Self-actualisation

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2
Q

What approaches do humanists oppose?

A

Behaviorist + Psychodynamic

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3
Q

What type of experiences do humanists focus on?

A

Present

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4
Q

What type of influences do humanists suggest we can reject?

A

Internal and external

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5
Q

What is an example of an external influence which humanists suggest we can reject?

A

Environment

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6
Q

What is an example of an internal influence which humanists suggest we can reject?

A

Genetics

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7
Q

How is humanism different to other approaches?

A

It argues that humans do have free will

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8
Q

What did Maslow develop?

A

Hierarchy of needs

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9
Q

Name the correct order of Maslow’s hierarchy

A

Physiological, safety needs, love/belonging needs, esteem needs, self-actualisation

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10
Q

What do physiological needs include?

A

Food, water, sleep, breathing

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11
Q

What do safety needs include?

A

Employment, shelter (having a home), good health

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12
Q

What is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Self-actualisation

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13
Q

What is meant by the ‘perceived self’?

A

How we view ourselves now

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14
Q

Where does our ‘perceived self’ come from?

A

Our own experiences and how significant people view us

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15
Q

What is meant by the ‘ideal self’?

A

The person we feel that we should be or the person that we want to be

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16
Q

What is meant by congruence?

A

Where there is a match between your perceived self and your ideal self

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17
Q

If congruence occurs, what does this enable?

A

Personal growth to achieve goals

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18
Q

What is a mismatch between the perceived and ideal self known as?

A

Incongruence

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19
Q

Low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness in adulthood may be the result of ____________ in childhood

A

Conditions of worth

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20
Q

What is meant by conditions of worth?

A

Significant others in our lives place specific conditions on their love which must be met to receive approval

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21
Q

What 3 types of people can impose a condition of worth?

A

Parents, significant others, and ourselves

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22
Q

Name the practical application of humanistic theory

A

Person Centered Therapy

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23
Q

What does PCT see the ‘client’ as?

A

An expert in their own condition

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24
Q

What is the aim of PCT?

A
  • Increase feelings of self worth
  • Reduce incongruence
  • Help to become fully functioning
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25
Q

What must the therapist show the client in order for the therapy to be successful?

A

Unconditional positive regard

26
Q

Give an example of two disorders that PCT is used to treat

A

Anxiety and depression

27
Q

What does DREAMS stand for?

A

Determinism v free will
Reductionism v holism
Evidence
Application (practical)
Methodology
Scientific methods

28
Q

AO3: What 4 ways can we evaluate humanism using DREAMS?

A

Free will
Holism
Application (practical)
Scientific methods

29
Q

What techniques can be used to reduce levels of incongruence?

A

Unconditional positive regard
Person Centered Therapy

30
Q

Incongruence can lead to …

A

Low self worth and poorer psychological health

31
Q

In Humanism when there is a mismatch between actual and ideal self what state are you in?

A

State of incongruence

32
Q

What does incongruence stem from?

A

Childhood, when parents or significant others place limits on their love

33
Q

How can you reduce incongruence?

A

Counselling, where a person can feel unconditional positive regard

34
Q

How does counselling help reduce incongruence?

A

The therapist creates an environment where the person can feel unconditional positive regard.

35
Q

What can the therapist do whereby the client can feel unconditional positive regard

A

The therapist must accept the client’s feelings and experiences and avoid making judgements. The therapist must be empathetic.

36
Q

How can you use PCT to treat abnormalities such as depression?

A

By helping the individual to achieve congruence and self-actualise through empathy and unconditional positive regard

37
Q

What culture are many of the concepts of humanism such as self-actualisation and personal growth are associated with?

A

Western culture

38
Q

How are western cultures associated with self-actualisation and personal growth?

A

Collectivist cultures such as India emphasise the needs of community and working as a group, meaning they don’t necessarily aim to self-actualise

39
Q

How does Humanism take a positive stance to explain human behaviour?

A

It is suggested that individuals can choose their behaviour and can neglect external and internal influences

40
Q

How might an individual’s subjective experience shape their behaviour according to humanistic psychology?

A

Their unique perceptions of the world guide their actions and decisions.

41
Q

A therapist refrains from giving advice, instead allowing the client to explore their own feelings. What approach is the therapist using?

A

Non-directive, Person-Centred Therapy.

42
Q

Why might someone with unmet physiological needs struggle to focus on higher-level goals like self-actualization?

A

Because basic survival needs must be met before focusing on personal growth.

43
Q

In what way does Person-Centred Therapy encourage client autonomy/independence?

A

By allowing the client to discover their own solutions and make choices based on their free will.

44
Q

In therapy, a client feels that they are not meeting their parents’ expectations, leading to low self-worth. What can the therapist do to help?

A

Provide unconditional positive regard and help the client challenge these conditions of worth.

45
Q

How might someone in a collectivist culture view the idea of self-actualization differently from someone in an individualistic culture?

A

They may prioritize the needs and goals of their community over personal growth and self-fulfillment.

46
Q

Why does the humanistic approach reject the deterministic views of behaviourism?

A

Because it believes humans are capable of making free choices, rather than being conditioned by external factors.

47
Q

How does humanistic psychology view external influences, such as upbringing or societal expectations?

A

It suggests that humans have the ability to reject these influences and make choices based on free will.

48
Q

Why is the humanistic approach seen as a more positive view of human behaviour compared to the biological approach?

A

It emphasizes free will and the potential for personal growth, whereas the biological approach is deterministic and attributes behaviour to genetic or biological factors.

49
Q

A child raised with unconditional love and acceptance is more likely to experience what in adulthood?

A

Congruence and high self-worth.

50
Q

A person constantly seeks approval from others to feel good about themselves. What psychological concept could explain this behaviour?

A

Conditions of worth

51
Q

An individual in therapy learns to view their ideal self more realistically, reducing the gap between their perceived self and ideal self. What concept does this represent?

A

Congruence

52
Q

A teenager feels pressure to follow a specific career path that their parents approve of, even though it’s not what they want. What concept explains this pressure?

A

Conditions of Worth

53
Q

A student struggling with self-esteem constantly compares themselves to an unrealistic version of who they think they should be. What is this gap called?

A

Gap between perceived self and ideal self (incongruence).

54
Q

A person who feels stuck in a job but believes they can’t quit because of family pressure is likely experiencing what?

A

Incongruence

55
Q

If someone feels they must get high grades to be loved by their parents, what concept explains this?

A

Conditions of worth

56
Q

How can conditions of worth affect self-esteem?

A

They can lead to incongruence and lower self-esteem if a person feels they must meet specific conditions to be loved or accepted.

57
Q

What happens if a person’s basic needs are not met, according to Maslow?

A

They cannot move up the hierarchy to achieve higher-level needs like self-actualization.

58
Q

What is the importance of self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

A

It is the ultimate goal of personal growth and realizing one’s full potential.

59
Q

How does Person-Centred Therapy help individuals with real-world issues like depression?

A

By helping them achieve congruence and self-actualization through empathy and unconditional positive regard.

60
Q

If a person has high self-esteem and strong relationships, what might be their next goal in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Self-actualization.

PN Year 13 - E Block (22 decks)

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