The Approach Of War, The Second World War, & The Early Cold War Flashcards
True beginning of WWII according to some
Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Manchukuo)
The Clark Memorandum (1928)
Separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine
Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
Non-recognition of international territorial changes effected by force
Benito Mussolini (1925-1943)
Fascist dictator of Italy during WWII
Adolf Hitler (1933-1945)
Fascist dictator of Germany during WWII
Montevideo Convention (1933)
Where President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs
Buenos Aires Convention (1936)
Encouraged arbitration and mutual defense
London Economic Conference (1933)
Hoped to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
Provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years
The Reciprocal Tariff Act (1934)
Authorized the president to negotiate with foreign nations to reduce tariffs in return for reciprocal reductions in tariffs in the United States
Rome-Berlin axis (1936)
Coalition formed between Italy and Germany
The Nye Committee (1934-1936)
Investigated the financial and banking interests which underlay United States’ involvement in World War I, and was a significant factor in public and political support for American neutrality in the early stages of World War II
Merchants of Death (pre-WWII about WWI)
Epithet used in the U.S. in the 1930s to attack industries and banks that supplied and funded World War I
Neutrality Act (1935)
Prohibited arms shipments and citizen travel
Neutrality Act (1936)
Forbade loans and credits
Neutrality Act of 1937
Forbade arms shipments to Spain
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Precipitated a debate over foreign policy
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (WWII)
An imperial concept created and promulgated for occupied Asian populations during the first third of the Shōwa period by the government and military of the Empire of Japan
The USS Panay Incident (1937)
A Japanese attack on the American gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking. The Japanese apologized, and paid an indemnity but turned US opinion against them
The Quarantine Speech (1937)
Speech by FDR calling for an international “quarantine of the aggressor nations” as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time
Anschluss (1938)
The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
Munich Agreement (1938)
A settlement permitting Nazi Germany’s annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country’s borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation “Sudetenland” was coined
World’s response to German annexation of Czechoslovakia (1938)
Appeasement
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939)
Soviet-German non-aggression pact
Blitzkrieg (1940s)
A method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, and heavily backed up by close air support, forces a breakthrough into the enemy’s line of defense through a series of short, fast, powerful attacks; and once in the enemy’s territory, proceeds to dislocate them using speed and surprise, and then encircle them
Neutrality Act of 1939
Allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a cash-and-carry basis
Cash and carry
Allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation
Selective Training and Service Act (1940)
The first peacetime conscription in United States history
Destroyers-for-bases (1940)
A deal in which fifty mothballed destroyers were transferred to the United Kingdom from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions
America First Committee (1940)
The foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (1940)
A group at the forefront of the effort to support a “pro-British policy” against Axis aggression, advocating American military materiel support of Britain as the best way to keep the United States out of the conflict then raging in Europe
Charles Lindbergh’s position on entry to WWII pre-Pearl Harbor
Pacifism
Election of 1940
FDR (third term) vs Wendell Willkie
Arsenal of Democracy (1940)
Slogan used by FDR which promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting
The Atlantic Charter (1941)
Pivotal policy statement which emphasized Germany as the greatest threat and was a step towards the UN
Wolfpack (1940s)
Mass-attack tactics against convoys used by German U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic and submarines of the United States Navy against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II
Tripartite Treaty (1940)
Pact which established the Axis Powers of World War II
Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
A surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
War Production Board (1942)
An agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II
Office of War Mobilization (1943)
An independent agency of the United States government formed during World War II to coordinate all government agencies involved in the war effort
Cost-plus system (World Wars)
A contract where a contractor is paid for all of its allowed expenses to a set limit plus additional payment to allow for a profit
Office of Price Administration (OPA) (1941)
Controlled money and rent prices during WWII
Smith–Connally Act (1943)
Allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production, and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections