The Approach Of War, The Second World War, & The Early Cold War Flashcards
0
Q
True beginning of WWII according to some
A
Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Manchukuo)
1
Q
The Clark Memorandum (1928)
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Separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine
2
Q
Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
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Non-recognition of international territorial changes effected by force
3
Q
Benito Mussolini (1925-1943)
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Fascist dictator of Italy during WWII
4
Q
Adolf Hitler (1933-1945)
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Fascist dictator of Germany during WWII
5
Q
Montevideo Convention (1933)
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Where President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs
6
Q
Buenos Aires Convention (1936)
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Encouraged arbitration and mutual defense
7
Q
London Economic Conference (1933)
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Hoped to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates
8
Q
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
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Provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years
9
Q
The Reciprocal Tariff Act (1934)
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Authorized the president to negotiate with foreign nations to reduce tariffs in return for reciprocal reductions in tariffs in the United States
10
Q
Rome-Berlin axis (1936)
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Coalition formed between Italy and Germany
11
Q
The Nye Committee (1934-1936)
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Investigated the financial and banking interests which underlay United States’ involvement in World War I, and was a significant factor in public and political support for American neutrality in the early stages of World War II
12
Q
Merchants of Death (pre-WWII about WWI)
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Epithet used in the U.S. in the 1930s to attack industries and banks that supplied and funded World War I
13
Q
Neutrality Act (1935)
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Prohibited arms shipments and citizen travel
14
Q
Neutrality Act (1936)
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Forbade loans and credits
15
Q
Neutrality Act of 1937
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Forbade arms shipments to Spain
16
Q
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
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Precipitated a debate over foreign policy
17
Q
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (WWII)
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An imperial concept created and promulgated for occupied Asian populations during the first third of the Shōwa period by the government and military of the Empire of Japan
18
Q
The USS Panay Incident (1937)
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A Japanese attack on the American gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking. The Japanese apologized, and paid an indemnity but turned US opinion against them
19
Q
The Quarantine Speech (1937)
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Speech by FDR calling for an international “quarantine of the aggressor nations” as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time
20
Q
Anschluss (1938)
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The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
21
Q
Munich Agreement (1938)
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A settlement permitting Nazi Germany’s annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country’s borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation “Sudetenland” was coined
22
Q
World’s response to German annexation of Czechoslovakia (1938)
A
Appeasement
23
Q
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939)
A
Soviet-German non-aggression pact
24
Blitzkrieg (1940s)
A method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, and heavily backed up by close air support, forces a breakthrough into the enemy's line of defense through a series of short, fast, powerful attacks; and once in the enemy's territory, proceeds to dislocate them using speed and surprise, and then encircle them
25
Neutrality Act of 1939
Allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a cash-and-carry basis
26
Cash and carry
Allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation
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Selective Training and Service Act (1940)
The first peacetime conscription in United States history
28
Destroyers-for-bases (1940)
A deal in which fifty mothballed destroyers were transferred to the United Kingdom from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions
29
America First Committee (1940)
The foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II
30
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (1940)
A group at the forefront of the effort to support a "pro-British policy" against Axis aggression, advocating American military materiel support of Britain as the best way to keep the United States out of the conflict then raging in Europe
31
Charles Lindbergh's position on entry to WWII pre-Pearl Harbor
Pacifism
32
Election of 1940
FDR (third term) vs Wendell Willkie
33
Arsenal of Democracy (1940)
Slogan used by FDR which promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting
34
The Atlantic Charter (1941)
Pivotal policy statement which emphasized Germany as the greatest threat and was a step towards the UN
35
Wolfpack (1940s)
Mass-attack tactics against convoys used by German U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic and submarines of the United States Navy against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II
36
Tripartite Treaty (1940)
Pact which established the Axis Powers of World War II
37
Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
A surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
38
War Production Board (1942)
An agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II
39
Office of War Mobilization (1943)
An independent agency of the United States government formed during World War II to coordinate all government agencies involved in the war effort
40
Cost-plus system (World Wars)
A contract where a contractor is paid for all of its allowed expenses to a set limit plus additional payment to allow for a profit
41
Office of Price Administration (OPA) (1941)
Controlled money and rent prices during WWII
42
Smith–Connally Act (1943)
Allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production, and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections
43
Bracero program (1942)
A series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States
44
Zoot Suit Riots (1943)
A series of riots in 1943 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city and Latino youths
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Double V Campaign (1941)
Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home
46
Congress of Racial Equality (1942)
A U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement
47
Smith v Allwright (1944)
Overturned the Texas state law that authorized the Democratic Party to set its internal rules, including the use of white primaries
48
Code-talkers (1941)
Navajos who helped transmit messages during WWII to avoid foreign interception of military secrets
49
Executive Order 9066 (1942)
Authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones and cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps
50
Korematsu v US (1944)
Upheld constitutionality of Japanese internment
51
Rosie the Riveter
A cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies
52
United States Office of War Information (OWI)
A United States government agency created during World War II to consolidate existing government information services and deliver propaganda both at home and abroad
53
Election of 1944
FDR vs Thomas E. Dewey who campaigned against the New Deal and for a smaller government
54
Thomas Edmund Dewey (1944)
Ran for president as a strong anti-corruption governor but couldn't fight "stay the course" mentality
55
Aktion Reinhardt extermination camps (1940s)
Treblinka, Sobibór, Belzec, Chelmno, where prisoners were promptly killed upon arrival
56
Concentration–extermination camps (1940s)
Where some prisoners were selected for slave labor, instead of immediate death; they were kept alive as camp inmates, available to work wherever the Nazis required. These camps included Auschwitz & Majdanek
57
Minor extermination camps (1940s)
Initially operated as prisons and transit camps, then as extermination camps late in the war
58
Manhattan Project (1940s)
A research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II
59
Casablanca Conference (1943)
Planned attack through Italy and Sicily and emphasized unconditional surrender
60
Tehran Conference (1943)
Planned invasion of France in 1944 and decided that USSR would take Berlin and join Japanese war
61
Yalta Conference (1945)
Declared occupation of Germany in 4 zones, declared free elections in Poland Eastern Europe and confirmed USSR fighting Japan and established which territories they would get
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Potsdam Conference (1945)
Decided post-war fate of Germany, unconditional surrender of Japan and tried Nazis for war-crimes
63
Bretton Woods Conference (1944)
World Bank, IMF, tariffs, and international gold standard
64
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944)
An international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders
65
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) (1947)
23 nations focused on reducing trade barriers and promoting free trade
66
Baby boom (1946-1964)
Men coming home from the war had extra money and felt confident about having children
67
Dr. Benjamin Spock (1940s)
Wrote a parenting book whose message to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do." He was blamed for the 60s
68
Levittown
First pre-planned, mass produced community; Majority of middle-class Americans move to suburbia within 20 years
69
Sunbelt (1940s)
FL to CA sees post-war boom in population and economies
70
White flight (1940s)
The large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions
71
Employment Act of 1946
Created the Council of Economic Advisors, attached to the White House, which provides analysis and recommendations, as well as the Joint Economic Committee
72
Council of Economic Advisors (1946)
Provided much of the objective empirical research for the White House and prepares the annual Economic Report of the President
73
Taft–Hartley Act (1947)
Restricted the activities and power of labor unions (Prohibited closed shops, political donations, secondary boycotts, allows right-to-work state laws, etc.)
74
Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
Truman formed to investigate the status of civil rights in the country and propose measures to strengthen and protect them
75
The president who ordered the end to racial discrimination in fed. Govt. and US military (1948)
Harry S. Truman
76
Dixiecrats (1948)
A short-lived segregationist political party in the United States in 1948
77
The Fair Deal (1949)
An ambitious set of proposals put forward by United States President Harry S. Truman to the United States Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address
78
Satellite States (1950s)
Designates a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control of another country
79
Containment (Cold War)
A United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad
80
George Kennan (1940s)
Known as the the father of containment
81
Truman Doctrine (1947)
Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere
82
Marshall Plan (1948-1951)
The American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism ($13 billion)
83
Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)
Was organized to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin after Stalin blockaded the city
84
National Security Act of 1947
A major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II; created Department of Defense
85
Department of Defense (1949)
The executive department of the government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces
86
National Security Council (NSC) (1947)
The principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
87
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (1947)
One of the principal intelligence-gathering agencies of the United States federal government
88
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)
Constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
89
Warsaw Pact (1955)
A mutual defense treaty among eight communist States of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War
90
National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (1950)
58-page top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman; emphasized containment
91
US-Japanese Security Treaty (1951)
Dictated that Japan grant the United States the territorial means for it to establish a military presence in the Far East
92
Chiang Kai-shek (1948)
A 20th-century Chinese political and military leader who fought against Mao but lost
93
Mao Zedong (1950s)
A Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China
94
China Lobby (1940s)
A pejorative phrase to describe special interest groups acting on behalf of the governments of either the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China to influence Sino-American relations
95
Sino-Soviet Pact of 1950
United nearly ½ the world under communism
96
Korean War (1950-1953)
A war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by China and the Soviet Union
97
Police Action
A euphemism for a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war
98
General Douglas MacArthur v. Truman (1951)
MacArthur publicly questioned Truman's policies and was fired
99
38th Parallel (1950s-today)
Korean DMZ
100
McCarthyism
Practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence (Second Red Scare)
101
Executive Order 9835 (1947)
Established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government
102
Dennis et al v US (1951)
Ruled that Dennis did not have the right under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution to exercise free speech, publication and assembly, if the exercise involved the creation of a plot to overthrow the government
103
McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950
Registered commie groups and investigated subversive activities
104
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (1938)
Created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties
105
Black list
A list or register of entities or people who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition
106
Alger Hiss (1948)
Accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of perjury in 1950
107
Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg
American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
108
Venona project (1943)
A counter-intelligence program initiated by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service (a forerunner of the National Security Agency) that lasted from 1943 to 1980
