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Physiology of Ageing > The Ageing Immune System > Flashcards

The Ageing Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate and acquired

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2
Q

What is the general consensus in regards to ageing and immunity?

A

Findings have led to suggestions that there may be an association between the function of the immune system, the ageing process in general, and age-related diseases

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3
Q

What does the immunological theory of ageing state?

A

Innate and acquired immune functions decline with age
Mortality rates due to infectious diseases can be much greater over the age of 65
Involution of the thymus and reduced tolerance lead to greater occurrence of autoimmune diseases

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4
Q

What are the aspects of the innate immune system at birth?

A 
physical barriers
Digestive acids
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Natural killer cells
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5
Q

How is bone marrow effected by age?

A

Generates normal numbers of immune cells

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6
Q

How are neutrophils effected by ageing?

A

No decline in numbers but small reductions in

release, chemotaxis & phagocytosis

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7
Q

How are Macrohages effected by ageing?

A

no decline in numbers but small reductions in phagocytosis and cytokine production

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8
Q

How are Natural killer cells effected by ageing?

A

increased numbers but no change in killing or cytokine production

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9
Q

How are B cells effected by ageing?

A

numbers do not decline, but there are age related falls in clone expansion and
antibody production, due to reduced T-cell help

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10
Q

How is the thymus effected by ageing?

A 
Significant atrophy (90% by age 70) mainly
due to thymus epithelial cells loss
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11
Q

How are T cells effected by ageing?

A

Age related fall in naive T-cell production /

maturation and reduced cytokine release

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12
Q

What is the most obvious effect of ageing on the immune system?

A

Reduced naïve T-cell formation and thymus involution

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13
Q

How does thymus size change over time?

A

By 50 new T cell production reduced by 20%

By 70 new T cell production has stopped

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14
Q

What is the role of functioning T cells in immunity

A

Release lymphokines which will attract other immune cells to digest the pathogen. Some become memory cells.

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15
Q

What is the role of functioning B cells in immunity

A

attaches and digests pathogens then displays antigens on its surface

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16
Q

What is the role of adaptive immunity?

A

Responses to pathogens such as viruses,

bacteria, fungi, protozoa by antigen-specific B-cells / T-cells

17
Q

What is the cause of transplant rejection?

A

Immune responses to non-self skin grafts, organ transplants and blood transfusions

18
Q

What is Graft vs host disease

A

Occurs when bone marrow transplant cells raise immune responses to the host whose immune system has been eliminated by chemotherapy or radiotherapy

19
Q

What is a autoimmune disease?

A

When immune cells of the body attack self cells unnecessarily

20
Q

What are the requirements for T cell recognition?

A

T-cell receptor (TCR)
MHC molecule
Presented antigenic peptide

21
Q

What several examples of autoimmune disease?

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome, Rheumatic fever,
Graves’ disease, Myesthenia gravis
Type 1 diabetes

22
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Soluble immune complex

deposition in tissues causing adverse effects

23
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

caused by T helper-cell cytokines:

Will cause:
Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple sclerosis

24
Q

How many people suffer with autoimmune disease in there life?

A

1 in 30 individuals in the UK

25
Q

What is the cause of Hashimotos’ thyroiditis?

A

Thyroid gland enlargement
(goitre) due to immune cell
infiltration causing thyroid function loss (hypothyroidism)

26
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

Over production of thyroid hormone leading to exopthalmos (bulging eyes), heat intolerance and anxiety

27
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

immune cell infiltration and

selective destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

28
Q

How many autoimmune diseases occure after the age of 40?

A

26

29
Q

Why are autoimmune diseases more prevalent in women

A

Female sex hormones have a role in autoimmune diseases susceptibility but the mechanisms are poorly understood

30
Q

What happens to auto reactive TCRs as we age?

A

easily removed in early life but much less in old age

31
Q

What effect does ageing have on T-cells?

A

Increase the proportion of activated T-cell clones

32
Q

How are B cells effected when interacting with T cells as we age?

A

T cell help activating B cells is reduced

33
Q

What drugs are prescribed for autoimmune diseases?

A

Prenisolone

Azathiopine

34
Q

What drugs can induce autoimmune disease?

A

Procainamide

Hydralazine

35
Q

what diseases become more prevalent in the elderly?

A

Influenza
Pneumonia
Septicaemia

Physiology of Ageing (8 decks)

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