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Physiology of Ageing > Ageing Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Ageing Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI)?

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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2
Q

What age related decines occur within the GI tract?

A

Slightly reduced smooth muscle tone and motility

Reduced neuroendocrine control and secretary activity

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3
Q

In regards to general ageing and digestion, what are most age related changes associated with?

A

diseases such as cancer or diabetes
atrophic gastritis and helicobacter pylori infections
poor nutrition (vitamin D deficiency affecting Ca absorption)

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4
Q

What GI tract problems are more common in the elderly?

A

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), diarrhoea, constipation
Gum disease, reduced immunity
Altered drug metabolism in the GI tract and liver

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5
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Swallowing difficulty

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6
Q

What regulates mouth, tongue and throat movements?

A

Peripheral motor neurons

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7
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The spontaneous pacemaker activity and autonomic nervous

system reflexes regulate GI tract motility

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8
Q

What is the role of parasympathetic nerves in digestion?

A

Promote motility via Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is the role of sympathetic nerves in digestion?

A

Inhibit motility via adrenaline and noradrenaline

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10
Q

What is the location of enteric neurons and how many are there approximately?

A

100 million neurons and runs the entire length of the gut

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11
Q

What are the sub sytems of the enteric nervous system?

A

Sub-mucosal plexuse

Myenteric plexuse

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12
Q

What is another name for the sub-mucosal

A

Meissners plexus

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13
Q

What is the role of the sub mucosal sub system in the enteric nervous system?

A

Sensory neurons respond to distension / stretch, pain,
acidity and nutrients
Motor neurons regulate muscularis mucosa contraction, vasoconstriction and secretions

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14
Q

What is an alternate name for the myenteric plexus?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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15
Q

What is the main roll of the myenteric plexus?

A

regulates the frequency and strength of gastrointestinal contractions via several methods

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16
Q

What neurons and NTs are involved in myenteric plexus activities

A

(+) and (-) refer to increased of decreased action

Enteric neurons: 5HT +,
histamine +, opiates -

parasympathetic postganglion neurons: Musc ACh +

sympathetic postganglionic neurons: Adrenergic -

17
Q

What ganglia acts on the enteric system and what NT is used?

A

parasympathetic ganglia: nicotinic ACh +

18
Q

What is the average volume of secretions that are added to the GI tract daily?

A

7000ml

150ml excreted

19
Q

What glands secrete saliva?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Buccal

20
Q

What molecules are found in saliva?

A

alkaline bicarbonate
mucous
amyalse
lysozyme

21
Q

What are related changes occur in relation to saliva excretion?

A

Volume saliva decreases but concentrations remain the same

22
Q

What neurological conditions are associated with decreased saliva volume?

A

Stroke
Myasthenia gravis, Parkinsons disease
Alzheimer’s disease

23
Q

What are phases of swallowing?

A

Buccal phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

24
Q

What are the two types of contractions in the intestines?

A

Peristaltic (directional)

Segmental (localised)

25
Q

What is one age related change that occurs during ageing?

A

constipation, mainly effects older women

26
Q

What hormones cause gastric contraction?

A

Gastrin

Histamine

27
Q

What regulates motility and acid secretion?

A

Pavlov reaction
Neural reflexes and gastrin / histamine release
Hormone feedback

28
Q

How do gastrosecretions and general changes occur during ageing?

A

Significantly less HCO3 is secreted
Peptic ulcer disease
is increased

29
Q

How are gastric pit secretions changed during ageing

A

Normal ageing shoud not effect acid secretions

30
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factor and how is it effected by age?

A

Assists in vitamin B12 absorption abd should not be effected by age

31
Q

What stomach disease is more common in the elderly and what is the the mechanism?

A

Atrophic gastritis

Reduces HCl, pepsin and intrinsic factor secretion due cell loss

32
Q

How does ageing effect pancreas secretions?

A

Ageing has minor effects on secretions but type 2 diabetes is more prevalent

33
Q

What is the purpose of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

inhibits gastrin release when chyme has left the stomach

34
Q

How does ageing effect nutrient absorption?

A

May slow down but does not change effectiveness

35
Q

What is the cause of Megaloblastic anemia?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

36
Q

What is the cause of a peptic ulcer?

A

Helicobactor pylori infection of gastric mucosae
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin)
Hypersecretion of HCL

37
Q

Questions

A

Provide examples to support the following statement: most age-related
changes the gastrointestinal tract are associated with disease, infections
and poor nutrition

Describe ageing related changes that affect the gastrointestinal tract

Physiology of Ageing (8 decks)

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