The Age Of Industrialisation Flashcards
Proto industrialisation
Proto industrialisation was a phase when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not based on factories. Proto industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchange.
Finishing Centre
A merchant Clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler stapler a person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre and carried it to the spinners the yarn was spun and was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, Fullers a person who fulls that is gathers cloth by pleating it and then to dyers and the finishing was done in London.
The coming up factories
By the 1730s, the earliest factories in England came up. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. A series of inventions in the 18th century increase the efficiency of each step to the production process.
Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill in 1771
How rapid was the process of industrialisation?
First the most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.
Second the new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.
Third technological changes occurred slowly because:
The new technology was expensive.
The new machines often broke down and repair was costly, maintenance was also costly.
They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
Steam engine
James what improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 178, his industrialist friend Matthew button manufactured the new model.
Hand labour and steam power
In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour so industrialist did not wanted to introduce machines which require large capital investment instead they wanted to use human labour, the aristocrat class or the upper class and the bourgeoisie prefer things produced by hand, many seasonal industries were also there who preferred hand labour.Countries with labour shortage preferred machines or mechanical power so that the need of human labour could be minimised.
Life of the workers
Labourers were able available in abundance in the market which affected the life of workers. After the busy season was over, workers became jobless. In the early 19th century, wages increased but the prices of goods also increased, the seasonal labourers had to work a lot and when it’s off-season they used to spend their nights under bridges or stayed in night refugees that was set up by private individuals.
Spinning jenny
Spinning jenny was introduced by James Hargraves in 1764 but the fear of unemployment made workers hostile the introduction of new technology. When the new spinning jenny was introduced the woollen industry, woman who survived on hand spinning begin attacking the new machines. This conflict over the introduction of the journey continued for a long time.
The age of Indian textiles
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international markets in the textiles. The final varieties of them came from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, a vibrant sea trade operated through the mail precolonial ports.
