Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > The Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

The Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the blood supply to the Adrenal glands?

A

Left adrenal vein drains into renal vein. Right adrenal vein drains into Inferior Vena Cava

Both adrenals have many arteries but only one vein

( Draw a diagram )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures make up the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

( Draw a diagram )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla do?

A

Secretes catecholamines e.g. adrenaline/ epinephrine

NoraAdrenaline/norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex do?

A

Secrete Corticosteroids e.g.

Mineralocorticoids ( Aldosterone )
Glucocorticoids ( Cortisol )
Sex Steroids ( Androgens, Oestrogen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Zone Glomerulosa make?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do Zones Fasciculata and Reticularis make?

A

Cortisol ( Androgens and Oestrogen )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Steroid?

A

Hormone based on a cholesterol molecule.

Adrenal gland secretions precursor is cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical pathway to get from Cholesterol to Aldosterone?

A

Cholesterol –> Progesterone –> [21 hydroxylase] 11-deoxycorticosterone –> [11 hydroxylase] corticosterone –> [18 hydroxylase] Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemical pathway to get from cholesterol to Cortisol?

A

Cholesterol –> Progesterone –> [17 hydroxylase] 17-OH pregnenolone –> [21 hydroxylase] 11-deoxycortisol –> [11 hydroxylase] cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

(Maintains blood pressure)
In kidneys: binds to receptor on nucleus = transportes and ATP k+ N+ pump

Stimulates Sodium+ reabsorption in distal convulated tubule and cortical collecting duct

Stimulates K+ and H+ secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Aldosterone regulated by

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus measures blood pressure in arteries indirectly by measuring renal perfusion pressure.

Decreased Na+ load to top of loop of henle

Secrete Renin from JGA cells if Aldosterone low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of renin?

A

Stimulated activation:

With Angiotensinogen from liver it creates Angiotensin I

Angiotensin I becomes Angiotensin II using ACE

Angiotensin II increased ACTH, K+ and lowers Na+ in Adrenal = vasoconstriction

( check diagram )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the physiological effects of cortisol?

A
  • Stress response
  • Metabolic effects : Protein catabolism, hepatic Gluconeogenesis, increased blood glucose concentration, fat Metabolism, enhances Glucogon and catecholamine effects.
  • Weak Mineralcorticoid effects
  • Renal and cardio effects ( excretion of water load, Increased vascular permeability )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Adenohypophysis?

A

Cortisol negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary, lowers levels of ACTH (and MSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do Px with Addison’s disease have a good tan?

A

Pro-opio-melanocortin ( POMC )
is a large precurosr protein which cleaves to form ACTH, MSH and endorphins

So become tanned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cortisol has a (a) rhythm?

A

a - diurnal

Tells your body what time of day it is ( circadiam rhythym)

  • Cortisol test has to be at 9AM - this is when it is at a high level.
17
Q

What are the characteristics of Cushing’s disease?

A

A tumour of the adrenal gland = excess corticol

Tumour of the pituitary = excess ACTH

Too much cortisol = changes metabolism and can put on weight

18
Q

Why do Px with Addison’s disease have a good tan?

A

Pro-opio-melanocortin ( POMC )
is the large precurosr protein which cleaves to form ACTH and MSH (and endorphins)

So become tanned

19
Q

List four possible causes of Cushing’s disease?

A
  • Taking steroids by mouth (common)
  • Cushing’s disease (pituitary adenoma)
  • Ectopic ACTH (lung cancer)
  • adrenal adenoma or carcinoma
20
Q

How are Catecholamines made?

A

Precursor for Adrenaline and NA is tyrosine

Dopamine created by Tyrosine –> Dopa –> Dopamine

21
Q

How are Catecholamines made?

A

Precursor for Adrenaline and NA is tyrosine

Dopamine created by Tyrosine –> Dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> (+methyl and donor group ) Epinephrine

22
Q

How are Catecholamines stored and released?

A

Cytoplasmic granules and released in response to ACh from preganglionic sympathetic neurones.

23
Q

What are the roles of Catecholamines?

How are they transported and then degraded?

A

Flight or fight response features

NA and Adr circulate bound to Albumin

Degraded by two hepatic enzymes - monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase

24
Q

What is the Medulla derived from?

A

Ectodermal neural crest

Endocrinology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions