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Endocrinology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Seminal Fluid composed of?

male system

A 
Fructose
Citric Acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen ( thickener )
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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2
Q

What does the Spermatic cord contain?

male system

A

It is formed at deep inguinal ring

Contains structures:

  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus ( v )
  • Autonomic and GF nerves
  • Lymph vessels
  • Vas deferens
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3
Q

What muscles is the penis made of?

male system

A

2x Corpora Cavernosa

1x Corpora Spongiosum

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4
Q

How does Erection and Ejaculation happen?
( male system )

  • physiological changes during erection specifically
A

( arterial relaxation due to stimulation = pressure = venous drainage obstruction )
Erection due to Parasympathetic stimulation
Ejaculation due to Sypathethic stimulation
( P oint and S hoot )

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5
Q

What do the Bulbo-urethral glands do?

male system

A

It is below the prostate

Secretes sugar-rich mucus into urethra for lubrication and contributes to pre-ejaculatory emissions from penis.

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6
Q

Arterial supply to the Testes?
( male system )

Lymphatic drainage to Testes?
( male system )

A

Testicular arteries from aorta via spermatic cord

Para-aortic lymph nodes

( Can indicate routes for cancer spreading e.g. testicular cancer could spread to para-aortic lymph nodes )

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the testes making up a capsule?

What do these contains?

A

(Inside – > out )
Tunica Vasculosa: has blood vessels

Tunica Albuginea: forms septa seperating testis into lobules

Tunica Vaginalis: covers testes and epidydimis

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8
Q

What three layers is the uterus composed of?

A

Endometrium ( sensitive )
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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9
Q

Where are the ovaries?

What is the Fallopian tube?

A

Inside peritoneal cavity ( rest is outside )

Have cilia and spiral muscle to waft egg, fertilisation happens in ampula.
Fimbriae open up into ovaries where the eggs are

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10
Q

What is the structure of the Uterus?

A

-Top of uterus = uterine fundas

-Suspended by = pelvic floor muscles ( levator ani + coccygeus )
3 ligaments ( broad + round + uterosacral ligaments )
  • Lined by specialised epithelium = serosa ( peritoneal ) myometrium ( thick smooth muscle ) endometrium ( usually shed during periods due to ischemia from vasoconstriction due to progesterone drop.
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11
Q

Spermatogonia life cycle?

A

Spermatogonia are there from birth

Gametogenesis begins at puberty ( spermatogonia –> spermatozoa )

Through differentiation and self-renewal the pool is available throughout life

1500 sperm / sec

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12
Q

Oogonia life cycle?

A

Before birth : Oogonia multiplies to 6 million
These develop into Oocytes in Ovarian follicles = primordial follicle these begin meiosis but are locked in prophase until puberty.
Some primordial follicle degenerate

At birth: 2 million remain

At puberty: 0.5 million remain

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13
Q

spermatogonia into sperms?

A

44XY Spermatogoniusm undergo mitosis –> primary spermatocytes

44XY Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 –> secondary spermatocytes

22X/Y Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 –> spermatids

22X/Y spermatids differentiate –> spermatozoa –> mature sperm

  • all occuring in seminiferous tubules
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14
Q

What are the Seminiferous tubules?

Describe their structure?

A

Each tubule surrounded by tunica popria ( flattened cells forming a basement membrane )

Lying against the inside of basement membrane are spermatogonia - as they move in they mature forming spermatocytes and then spermatids released into duct

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15
Q

Characteristics of Sertoli cells?

A

Within Seminiferous tubules
FSH receptors
Produce Inhibin

Function:

  • support developing germ cells
  • assist germ cell moving to tubular lumen
  • transfer nutrients from capillaries to germ cells
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16
Q

Oogonium to Ova?

A

Oogonium ( mitosis ) –> 1^0 oocytes –> ( meiosis I ) 2^Oocytes –> ( meiosis II ) = OOtids

Ootids differentiate to Ova

17
Q

What is a polar body?

A

A cell that separates from an oocyte during meiosis and that contains a nucleus produced in the first or second meiotic division and very little cytoplasm.

18
Q

Steps occuring in folliculogenesis?

1 - primordial follicle
2 - Primary follicle
3 - Secondary follicle
4 - Mature follcile
5 - Ruptures surface of ovary
6 - Copus Luteum
A

1 - primordial follicle - 1 Oocyte at birth

2 - Primary follicle = Preantral : 10 Oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells

3 - Secondary follicle = Antral : Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) develops, FSH and LH receptors

4 - Mature follicle = graafian : Forms due to LH surge,
2 Oocyte formed

5 - Ruptures surface of ovary

6 - Copus Luteum :
Progesterone & oestrogen (stim by LH/HCG)
In pregnancy, progesterone & oestrogen production taken over by placenta

19
Q

Female hormones?

A

Oestrogens : Oestrodiol, Oestrone, Oestriol

Progesterones : Progesterone

Androgens : Testosterone, Androstenedione, DHEA

Relaxin

Inhibin

20
Q

Characteristics of Theca cells?

A

Asocciated with outer part of follicles

Function:

  • support follicule development
  • structural and nutrient support
  • Hormone synthesis
  • LH stimulates androgen synthesis
  • overactivity = high androgen levels = infertility cause
21
Q

Characteristics of Granulosa cells?

A

Associated with inner part of follicles

Function:
-Hormone synthesis:
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens (by aromatase)
Secrete Inhibin & Activin (effects on FSH

-After ovulation:
Turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce:
Progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium)
Relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)

22
Q

What is the hypothalamus - pituitary gonad axis?

A

Kisspeptin –> GnRH –> LH/FSH from gonadotrophs ( pituitary) –> Gonads –> Testosterone/Oestrogen (+ other)

23
Q

What rhythm for Sex steroids have compared to GnRH+LH?

A
  • Diurnal rhythm

- Pulsitile

24
Q

Negative feedback?

A

Ostestrogen/progesterone feedbacks to kisspeptin

testerone?

25
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia?

A

Prolactin binding to receptors on kisspeptin neurones inhibiting axis.

Low GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest

Olgio or amenorrhoea/ low libido, infertility or osteoporosis…

26
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia?

A

Prolactin binding to receptors on kisspeptin neurones inhibiting axis.

Low GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest

Olgio or amenorrhoea/ low libido, infertility or osteoporosis…

27
Q

What does each lobule in the testis contain?

male system

A

300 lobules in each testis separated by septa

Each lobule –> 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules which have closed loops
Seminiferous tubules drain sperm into rete testis and then into epidydimis for storage ( can be palpated )

28
Q

What is the function of the Vas deferens

male system

A

Sperm pass through its 40 cm length.

  • male sterilisation - cutting vas deferens ( vesectomy )
29
Q

How are all areas above the cervix kept sterile? ( important due to infection risk from peritoneal cavity)
4
( female system )

A

Shedding
Thick cervical mucous
Narrow external os
acidic pH

30
Q

What is the smear test?

female system

A

Used to check for cervical cancer

Sample from external os of cervix

31
Q

Where is the Ureter?

female system

A

1cm lateral to cervix

  • important when thinking of cervical cancer
32
Q

What can ectopic pregnancy be attributed to?

A

If fertilisation does not happen in the ampulla but somewhere else because the cilia/spiral muscles aren’t working = ectopic pregnancy

Leading to implantation outside the uterus mostly in tubes

33
Q

Are Adrenals steroids made in the Theca or Granulosa?

A

In both e.g. Aldosterone, Corticoids etc ( in mitocondria )

34
Q

Is Testosterone made in the Theca or Granulosa?

A

Theca cell

35
Q

Where are the Estrogens made?

A

( 18 carbons )

In Granulosa after Theca starts it off

36
Q

Where is Progesterone made?

A

Theca and Granulosa

  • All Hormone and Steroidgenesis occurs in Leydig cells in men

Endocrinology (22 decks)

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