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Endocrinology > The Adrenal gland > Flashcards

The Adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

structure of the adrenal gland

A
  • 2 adrenal glands located on the superior poles of the kidneys
  • 10g in mass
  • Form a pyramidal shape
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2
Q
A
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3
Q

layers of the adrenal gland

A

capsule + cortex + medulla

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4
Q

capsule

A

fibrous layer on the outside of the adrenal gland

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5
Q

the adreanl cortex is made up of 3 layers called:

A

(GFR)

  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
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6
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralcorticoids

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7
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids

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8
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Glucocorticoids and small amount of androgens (sex)

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9
Q

name the mineralcorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone- Salt

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10
Q

name the glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata

A

cortisol- sugar

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11
Q

name the androgens released by the zona reticularis

A

oestorgen and testosterone

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12
Q

how to remeber cortex layers

A

GFR: Salt Sugar Sex

the deeper you get the sweeter it gets

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13
Q

medulla is made up of

A

chromaffin cells- neural crest cells

  • part of the sympathetic immune system
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14
Q

what does the medulla release

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline (20%)

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15
Q

all the hormones released by the 3 layers of the medulla are

A

corticosteroids

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16
Q

steroid horemones are synthesised from

A

cholersterol in the adrenal glands and gonads

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17
Q

features of steroid hormones

A
  • Lipid soluble (intracellular receptors)
  • Bind to receptors of the nucleus to modulate gene transcription
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18
Q

outline how corticosteroids exert their actions by regulating gene transcription

A
  1. Corticosteroids readily diffuse across the plasma membrane
  2. Binds to the glucocorticoid receptor
  3. Binding causes dissociation of chaperone protein
  4. Receptor ligand complex translocate to the nucleus
  5. Dimerization with other receptors can occur
  6. Receptor binds to glucocorticoids response elements (GRE) (DNA) or other transcription factors
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19
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Most abundant mineralocorticoid
  • Synthesis and released by adrenal cortex
  • Steroid hormone= lipophilic (intracellular receptro)
20
Q

how is aldosterone transported in the blood

A

Carrier protein = mainly serum albumin and to a lesser extent transcortin

21
Q

role of alsoterone

A
  • Regulation of plasma Na+, K+ and arterial blood pressure
  • Main action in distal tubules and collecting ducts
  • Promotes expression of Na+/K+ pump promoting reabsorbing of Na+ and excretion of K+à water retention, blood volume and therefore blood pressure (RAAS)
22
Q

main disorders associated with aldoseronehyperaldosteronism and hypoaldosteronism

A
23
Q

Cortisol (corticosteroid)

A
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Most abundant corticosteroid and accounts for 95% pf glucocorticoid activity
  • Synthesised and released in response to ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • Negative feedback to hypothalamus inhibits CRH and ACTH release
  • Steroid hormone
24
Q

carrier protein of cortisol

A

transcortin

25
Q

actions of cortisol (6)

A
  • Increased protein breakdown in muscle
  • Increased lipolysis in fat
    • Redistribution of fat e.g. buffalo hump- dorso-cervical fat pad
  • Increase gluconeogenesis- increases glucose- in the liver
  • Resistance to stress (increased supply of glucose, raise blood pressure by making vessels more sensitive to vasoconstrictors)
  • Anti-inflammatory effects (inhibits macrophage activity and mast cell degranulation)
  • Depression of immune response (prescribed to organ transplant patients)
26
Q

net effect of cortisol

A
  • Increased glucose production
    • Increase glucose leads to increase insulin so liver increase glycogen stores
  • Breakdown of protein
    • Cortisol inhibits insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in muscle (prevents glucose uptake so has glucose sparing effect)
  • Redistribution of fat (buffalo hump)
    • Chronic high levels of cortisol results in re-distribution of fat especially in the abdomen, supraclavicular fat pads and dorso-cervical fat pad (buffalo hum) and
27
Q

main disorders associated with cortisol

A
  • Cushings syndrome (excessive exposure to cortisol)
  • Addisons disease (insufficient cortisol)
  • Addisonian crisis (insuffieinet cortisol)
28
Q

androgens

A
  • Zona reticularis- inner most layer
  • Secretes dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (weak androgens)
  • Partially regulated by ACTH and CRH
29
Q

in male DHEA is converted to

A

testosterone in the testes

30
Q

in females adrenal adrogens are converted to

A

oestorgen by other tissues

(after menopause only source of oestorgen is from the adrenal glands- no more from ovaries)

31
Q

androgens promote

A

libido (women) and axillary/public hair growth (both sexes)

32
Q

the cells in the adrenal medulla acts as

A

Acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS

33
Q

Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla lack axons but

A

acts as postganglionic nerve fibre that release hormones into blood

34
Q

adrenalien and NA are devived from

A

tyrosine

35
Q

outline production of A and NA dfrom tyrosine

A

Tyrosine –> levodopa –> dopamine –> NA–> A

~20% chromaffin cells lack N-methyl transferase enzyme and secrete noradrenaline

36
Q
A
37
Q

features of NA and A

A
  • Water soluble –> binds to outside of the cell
  • Signal via GPCRs (alpha and B)
  • Fast (seconds)
38
Q

hormonal action of adrenaline

A

fight or flight response- affects mltiple organs

39
Q

adrenaline action on the heart

A

increase heart rate and contractility (B1)

40
Q

adrenaline action on the lungs

A

bronchodilation (B2)

41
Q

adrenaline action on the blood vessels

  1. the skin and gut
  2. skeletal muscle
A
  1. the skin and gut
    • vasoconstriction (alpha 1)
  2. Skeletal muscle
    • vasodialtion (B2)
42
Q

adrenaline action on the kidney

A

increased renin secretion (B1,B2)

43
Q

Pheochromocytoma (chromaffin cell tumour)

Phae= dark

Chromo= colour

Cyte= cells

Oma= tumour

A
  • Rare, catecholamine-secreting tumour (mainly NA)
  • May precipitate life-threatening hypertension
44
Q

symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A
  • Severe hypertension
  • Headaches
  • Palpitations
  • Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
  • Anxiety
  • Weight loss
  • Elevated blood glucose
45
Q

the cortex secretes….. whislt the medulla secretes

A

cortex- corticoids (cortisol, aldosreorne, androgens)

medulla- catecholaminesn (NA/A)

Endocrinology (12 decks)

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