The Adaptive Immune Response

Question 1

The bodies inflammatory response is part of which immune response?

Answer 1

The innate immune response.

Question 2

Name three barriers within the innate immune system

Answer 2

Skin, phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) and mucous membranes

Question 3

When does the active immune response become initiated?

Answer 3

If the innate immune response fails to clear infectious pathogens

Question 4

Where are immune system cells made?

Answer 4

In the haematopiotic stem cells of the bone marrow

Question 5

Name the 6 primary immune cells

Answer 5

Macrophages, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Question 6

What process do macrophages undertake and what do they produce?

Answer 6

They undertake phagocytosis and produce cytokines

Question 7

What do monocytes develop into once they enter the body tissues?

Answer 7

Macrophages

Question 8

What is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 8

Neutrophils play a primary role in the innate immune response where they are driven to areas of infection to phagocytise toxins

Question 9

What are the two primary functions of basophils and eosinophils?

Answer 9

To defend against larger pathogens which cannot be phagocytised such as ticks and worms. They are also involved in allergic responses.

Question 10

What is the role of mast cells?

Answer 10

They produce histamine and play a critical role in the allergic response.

Question 11

Where are mast cells most commonly found?

Answer 11

Beneath epithelial skin surfaces and within mucosa

Question 12

Where are dendritic cells found?

Answer 12

In the lymph nodes and body tissues.

Question 13

What is another name for a dendritic cell?

Answer 13

An antigen presenting cell.

Question 14

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 14

T cells and B cells

Question 15

Where do T cells and B cells originate?

Answer 15

In the bone marrow

Question 16

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 16

In the thymus

Question 17

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 17

In the bone marrow

Question 18

What is the primary role of cytokines?

Answer 18

To act as signalling molecules within cell to cell communication and regulate the immune response

Question 19

Name the three primary components of the lympathic system

Answer 19

Lymph nodes, lymph vessels and lympathic organs

Question 20

What is lymph derived from?

Answer 20

Blood plasma

Question 21

What is drained into the lympathic vessels?

Answer 21

Tissue fluid, cell debris and microorganisms

Question 22

Name the 3 main types of antigen

Answer 22

Foreign antigen, tumour antigen and self antigen

Question 23

What are antigens?

Answer 23

Most antigens are proteins which exist on the surface of microorganisms. They are targeted by antibodies within the adaptive immune response

Question 24

The antigens coating our own body cells are known as

Answer 24

self antigens

Question 25

Describe how B cells work

Answer 25

B cells recognise an antigen on the surface of a microorganism. They then become activated and divide to produces clones. Some clones develop into plasma cells which secrete antibodies, others return to the lymph nodes and develop into memory B cells.

Question 26

What do B cells require to become activated?

Answer 26

Helper T cells

Question 27

Antigens of the same class are reffered to as:

Answer 27

Immunoglobulins

Question 28

Briefly describe the three ways antibodies work to destroy pathogens

Answer 28

1. Neutralisation: antibodies coat the pathogen and prevent it from interacting with the host cell surface 2. Oponisation: antibodies coat the pathogen enhance phagocytosis 3. Complement function: antibodies coating the pathogen complement the complement system of blood proteins- stimulating a further immune response

Question 29

What is monoclonal antibody therapy and what is it used for?

Answer 29

Monoclonal antibody therapy targets specific antigens. It is commonly used within cancer treatment to target specific tumour antigens.

Question 30

What is the role of the cytotoxic T cell?

Answer 30

To destroy virus infected cells by releasing cytotoxic molecules.

Question 31

What is the role of the helper T cells?

Answer 31

To activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 32

What is the role of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 32

To engulf microorganisms and present their antigens to T cells in the lymph nodes. Engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis.

Question 33

Describe active immunity.

Answer 33

Occurs when someone is exposed to the actual disease causing microorganism or a vaccine. Involves stimulation of the active immune response and produces memory cells which provide immunity for life. Generally takes days-weeks to develop.

Question 34

Describe passive immunity.

Answer 34

Occurs when someone is given antibodies against a pathogen or bacterial toxin. May be passed on from mother to baby or given as temporary immunoglobulins.

Question 35

Define hypersensitivity

Answer 35

An excessive immune reaction which causes damage to body tissues

Question 36

Which 3 types of antigen may trigger hypersensitivity?

Answer 36

1. normally harmless environmental entigens stimulate an allergic reaction 2. antigens from microbes may cause an exaggerated immune response 3. self antigens causing autoimmune disorders

Question 37

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 37

1. Immediate (allergies) 2. Antibody mediated (reactions to blood transfusions) 3. Immune complex (autoimmune conditions) 4. Delayed (reactions mediated by helper T cells)

Question 38

Define immunodeficiency

Answer 38

Occurs when the immune system is unable to fight infections

Question 39

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 39

Primary: occurs as a result of rare genetic mutations Secondary: occurs as a result of complications of another condition

Question 40

Name 3 conditions which can lead to secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 40

Viral infections, age, immunosupressing medications, poor nutrition.

Question 41

The first line of defence which changes very little during our lifetime is called:

Answer 41

Innate immune response

Question 42

Which white blood cells are responsible for active immunity?

Answer 42

Lymphocytes

Question 43

Which molecule stimulates the active immune response?

Answer 43

Antigens

Question 44

What sort of immunity is gained by aquiring ready made antibodies?

Answer 44

Passive immunity

Question 45

Deficiencies in the cell mediated immune response will lead particularly to infections by:

Answer 45

Viruses

Question 46

Which property of the adaptive immune response is the basis of immunity to previously encountered infections>

Answer 46

Memory cells

Question 47

The major antibody class involved in the adaptive immunity response is:

Answer 47

IgG

Question 48

Autoimmunity arises following a breakdown in self......

Answer 48

Tolerence

Question 49

What are the three key features of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 49

Antigen specificity Diversity Memory

Question 50

What are antigen presenting cells also known as?

Answer 50

Dendritic cells

Question 51

What is the top part of an antibody called and where does it connect to the antigen?

Answer 51

The variable region. The antigen binding site connects to the antigen (of course)

Question 52

What is the whole bottom part of the antibody called? What is the very bottom part of the antibody called?

Answer 52

``` Constant region (because it remains the same) FC stem region ```

Question 53

What happens during type one hypersensitivity?

Answer 53

An allergen is encountered which stimulates B cells to release IgE antibodies. The antibodies bind to mast cells which normally secrete histamine. Following further exposure the mast cells which initiate an abnormal immune response.

Question 54

Which cells in particular are infected by the HIV virus. What does this lead to?

Answer 54

Dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. It then is passed onto helper T cells which quickly replicate and spread the virus before dying. Without helper T cells, many B cells are unable to become activated leading in severe immunodeficiency.