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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > The Adaptive Immune Response > Flashcards

The Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

The bodies inflammatory response is part of which immune response?

A

The innate immune response.

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2
Q

Name three barriers within the innate immune system

A

Skin, phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) and mucous membranes

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3
Q

When does the active immune response become initiated?

A

If the innate immune response fails to clear infectious pathogens

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4
Q

Where are immune system cells made?

A

In the haematopiotic stem cells of the bone marrow

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5
Q

Name the 6 primary immune cells

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes

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6
Q

What process do macrophages undertake and what do they produce?

A

They undertake phagocytosis and produce cytokines

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7
Q

What do monocytes develop into once they enter the body tissues?

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils play a primary role in the innate immune response where they are driven to areas of infection to phagocytise toxins

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9
Q

What are the two primary functions of basophils and eosinophils?

A

To defend against larger pathogens which cannot be phagocytised such as ticks and worms. They are also involved in allergic responses.

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10
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

They produce histamine and play a critical role in the allergic response.

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11
Q

Where are mast cells most commonly found?

A

Beneath epithelial skin surfaces and within mucosa

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12
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

In the lymph nodes and body tissues.

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13
Q

What is another name for a dendritic cell?

A

An antigen presenting cell.

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14
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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15
Q

Where do T cells and B cells originate?

A

In the bone marrow

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16
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus

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17
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

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18
Q

What is the primary role of cytokines?

A

To act as signalling molecules within cell to cell communication and regulate the immune response

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19
Q

Name the three primary components of the lympathic system

A

Lymph nodes, lymph vessels and lympathic organs

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20
Q

What is lymph derived from?

A

Blood plasma

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21
Q

What is drained into the lympathic vessels?

A

Tissue fluid, cell debris and microorganisms

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22
Q

Name the 3 main types of antigen

A

Foreign antigen, tumour antigen and self antigen

23
Q

What are antigens?

A

Most antigens are proteins which exist on the surface of microorganisms. They are targeted by antibodies within the adaptive immune response

24
Q

The antigens coating our own body cells are known as

A

self antigens

25
Q

Describe how B cells work

A

B cells recognise an antigen on the surface of a microorganism. They then become activated and divide to produces clones. Some clones develop into plasma cells which secrete antibodies, others return to the lymph nodes and develop into memory B cells.

26
Q

What do B cells require to become activated?

A

Helper T cells

27
Q

Antigens of the same class are reffered to as:

A

Immunoglobulins

28
Q

Briefly describe the three ways antibodies work to destroy pathogens

A
  1. Neutralisation: antibodies coat the pathogen and prevent it from interacting with the host cell surface
  2. Oponisation: antibodies coat the pathogen enhance phagocytosis
  3. Complement function: antibodies coating the pathogen complement the complement system of blood proteins- stimulating a further immune response
29
Q

What is monoclonal antibody therapy and what is it used for?

A

Monoclonal antibody therapy targets specific antigens. It is commonly used within cancer treatment to target specific tumour antigens.

30
Q

What is the role of the cytotoxic T cell?

A

To destroy virus infected cells by releasing cytotoxic molecules.

31
Q

What is the role of the helper T cells?

A

To activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

32
Q

What is the role of antigen presenting cells?

A

To engulf microorganisms and present their antigens to T cells in the lymph nodes. Engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis.

33
Q

Describe active immunity.

A

Occurs when someone is exposed to the actual disease causing microorganism or a vaccine. Involves stimulation of the active immune response and produces memory cells which provide immunity for life. Generally takes days-weeks to develop.

34
Q

Describe passive immunity.

A

Occurs when someone is given antibodies against a pathogen or bacterial toxin. May be passed on from mother to baby or given as temporary immunoglobulins.

35
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

An excessive immune reaction which causes damage to body tissues

36
Q

Which 3 types of antigen may trigger hypersensitivity?

A
  1. normally harmless environmental entigens stimulate an allergic reaction
  2. antigens from microbes may cause an exaggerated immune response
  3. self antigens causing autoimmune disorders
37
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  1. Immediate (allergies)
  2. Antibody mediated (reactions to blood transfusions)
  3. Immune complex (autoimmune conditions)
  4. Delayed (reactions mediated by helper T cells)
38
Q

Define immunodeficiency

A

Occurs when the immune system is unable to fight infections

39
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Primary: occurs as a result of rare genetic mutations
Secondary: occurs as a result of complications of another condition

40
Q

Name 3 conditions which can lead to secondary immunodeficiency

A

Viral infections, age, immunosupressing medications, poor nutrition.

41
Q

The first line of defence which changes very little during our lifetime is called:

A

Innate immune response

42
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for active immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

Which molecule stimulates the active immune response?

A

Antigens

44
Q

What sort of immunity is gained by aquiring ready made antibodies?

A

Passive immunity

45
Q

Deficiencies in the cell mediated immune response will lead particularly to infections by:

A

Viruses

46
Q

Which property of the adaptive immune response is the basis of immunity to previously encountered infections>

A

Memory cells

47
Q

The major antibody class involved in the adaptive immunity response is:

A

IgG

48
Q

Autoimmunity arises following a breakdown in self……

A

Tolerence

49
Q

What are the three key features of the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigen specificity
Diversity
Memory

50
Q

What are antigen presenting cells also known as?

A

Dendritic cells

51
Q

What is the top part of an antibody called and where does it connect to the antigen?

A

The variable region. The antigen binding site connects to the antigen (of course)

52
Q

What is the whole bottom part of the antibody called? What is the very bottom part of the antibody called?

A 
Constant region (because it remains the same)
FC stem region
53
Q

What happens during type one hypersensitivity?

A

An allergen is encountered which stimulates B cells to release IgE antibodies. The antibodies bind to mast cells which normally secrete histamine. Following further exposure the mast cells which initiate an abnormal immune response.

54
Q

Which cells in particular are infected by the HIV virus. What does this lead to?

A

Dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. It then is passed onto helper T cells which quickly replicate and spread the virus before dying. Without helper T cells, many B cells are unable to become activated leading in severe immunodeficiency.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (14 decks)

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